I Semester – 2017 syllabus (Course wise details)

		I Semester
1	AGR 101	Fundamentals of Agronomy and Agricultural Heritage	1+1
2	BIC 101	Fundamentals of Plant Biochemistry	2+1
3	SAC 101	Fundamentals of Soil Science	2+1
4	FOR 111	Introduction to Forestry	1+ 1
5	ENG 101	Comprehension & Communication Skills in English (Common course for all the degree programmes)	1+1
6	HOR 111	Fundamentals of Horticulture	1+1
7	MAT 113	Elementary Mathematics (Common course, if prescribed by ICAR for the concerned degree programmes)	1+1
8	PBG 101	Introduction to Agricultural Botany	1+1
9	AEX101	Rural Sociology & Educational Psychology	2+0
10	TAM 101 /ENG 102	,yf;fpa';fspy; ntshz;ika[k; mwptpay; jkpH; gadhf;fKk; / Development Education (Common course for all the degree programmes)	0+1
11	NSS / NCC 101	NSS/NCC(Common course for all the degree programmes)	0+1*
12	PED 101	Physical Education(Common course for all the degree programmes)	0+1*
13	PED102	Yoga for human excellence(Common course for all the degree programmes)	0+1*
		Total	12+9=21
		*Non-gradial but compulsory courses

II Semester – 2017 syllabus (Course wise details)

1	SWE 101	Soil and Water Conservation Engineering	2+1
2	CRP 101	Fundamentals of crop Physiology	2+1
3	AEC 101	Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics	1+1
4	PAT 101	Fundamentals of Plant Pathology	2+1
5	AEX 102	Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education	2+1
6	FSN 111	Principles of Food Science and Nutrition	1+1
7	FMP 111	Farm Machinery and Power	1+1
8	AGR 102	Introductory Agro-meteorology & Climate Change	1+1
9	HOR 112	Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops	1+1
10	RSG 101	Geo- informatics for Precision Farming	1+0
11	NSS/NCC 101	NSS/NCC	0+1*
12	PED 101	Physical Education	0+1*
		Total	14+9=23
		*Non-gradial courses compulsory courses

III Semester – 2017 syllabus (Course wise details)

1	AGM 201	Fundamentals of Microbiology	2+1
2	AEN 201	Fundamentals of Entomology	2+1
3	SST 201	Principles of Seed Technology	2+1
4	AGR 201	Crop Production Technology – I (Kharif crops)	1+1
5	HOR 211	Production Technology for Vegetables and Spices	1+1
6	ENS 201	Environmental Studies & Disaster Management	2+1
7	AMP 201	Livestock and Poultry Management	2+1
8	AEC 201	Farm Management, Production & Resource Economics	1+1
9	SAC 201	Soil Resource Inventory	1+1
10	AGR 202	Study tour Non gradial compulsory	0+1*
11	NSS/NCC 101	NSS/NCC	0+1*
11	PED 101	Physical Education	0+1*
		Total	14+9=23
		*Non-gradial courses compulsory courses

IV Semester – 2017 syllabus (Course wise details)

1	PBG 201	Fundamentals of Genetics	2+1
2	AEX 201	Communication Skills and Personality Development	1+1
3	MAT 211	Statistical Methods	1+1
4	PAT 201	Principles of plant disease management	1+1
5	AEN 202	Beneficial insects and Principles of Insect pest management	2+1
6	AGR 203	Crop Production Technology – II (Rabi crops)	1+1
7	ERG 211	Renewable Energy	1+0
8	AGR 204	Farming System & Sustainable Agriculture	1+1
9	SAC 202	Problematic soils and their management	2+0
10	HOR 212	Production Technology for Ornamental Crops, MAP and Landscaping	1+1
11	ANM 201	Introductory Nematology	1+1
12	NST 201	Fundamentals and Applications of nanotechnology	1+0
13	NSS/NCC 101	NSS/NCC	0+1*
14	PED 101	Physical Education	0+1*
		Total	15+9=24
		*Non-gradial courses compulsory courses

V Semester

1	PBG 301	Fundamentals of Plant Breeding	2+1
2	AEC 301	Agricultural Marketing Trade & Prices	2+1
3	AGM 301	Soil and Applied Microbiology	1+1
4	PAT 301	Diseases of Field and Horticultural crops and their management	1+1
5	AEX 301	Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication	1+1
6	AGR 301	Practical Crop Production - I (Kharif crops)	0+2
7	HOR 311	Post harvest management and value addition of fruits and vegetable crops	1+1
8	SAC 301	Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management	2+1
9	ABT 301	Plant Bio technology	2+1
10	AGR 302	Rainfed Agriculture & Watershed Management	1+1
11	NCC 101	NCC*
		Total	13+11=24
		*Non-gradial courses compulsory courses

VI Semester

1	AEC 302	Agricultural Finance and Co-Operation	2+1
2	PAT 302	Diseases of Field crops and Horticultural crops and their management	2+1
3	COM 311	Agriculture Informatics	1+1
4	ENS 301	Environmental Pollution and Management	1+1
5	APE 311	Post-Harvest and Food Engineering	1+1
6	AEN 301	Pests of Crops and Stored grain and their Management	2+1
7	AGR 303	Practical Crop Production - II (Rabi crops)	0+2
8	AGR 304	Principles of organic Farming	1+1
9	PBG 302	Crop Improvement	2+1
10	OPT 301	Optional course	1+1
11	NCC 101	NCC*
		Total	13+11=24
		*Non-gradial courses compulsory courses

VII Semester

VIII Semester

(Experiential Learning Programme/ HOT)
ICAR			TNAU
	Module	Credit Hrs.	Module	Credit Hrs.
	1. Module-I	0+10	1. Module-I	0+10
	2. Module-II	0+10	2. Module-II	0+10
	Total	20 (0+20)	Total	0+20

Semester	TNAU Courses
I	12+9=21
II	14+9=23
III	14+9=23
IV	15+9=24
V	13+11=24
VI	13+11=24
VII	0+21=21
VIII	0+20=20
Total	81+99=180

DEPARTMENT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF COURSES

Department	ICAR		TNAU
Department	No. of courses	Credit Hours	No. of courses	Credit Hours
Agronomy	9	19	9	18
Nano tech & RSGIS	1	2	2	2
Plant Breeding and Genetics	5	13	5	14
Soil Science and Agrl. Chemistry	3	8	4	10
Entomology	3	9	3	9
Nematology	--	--	1	2
Economics	4	10	4	10
Agrl. Engineering	4	8	4	8
Plant Pathology	4	13	4	10
Horticulture	5	10	4	10
Food Science	1	2	1	2
Agrl. Extension	4	9	4	9
Bio chemistry & Bio technology	1	3	2	6
Crop physiology	1	3	1	3
Agrl. microbiology	1	2	2	5
Environmental Science	1	3	2	5
Forestry	1	2	1	2
Statistics	1	2	1	2
Maths	1	2	1	2
Computer Science	1	2	1	2
IPR	1	1	--	--
Animal Husbandry	1	4	1	3
Language	1	2	3	3
NSS/NCC/Yoga/PED	3	Non gradial	3	Non gradial
Tour	2	Non gradial	2	Non gradial
Project	--	--	1	1
RAWE	1	20	1	20
Experiential learning	2	20	2	20
Human values and ethics	1	1	--	--
Elective course	3	9	1	2
	66	180/183	69	180

LIST OF EXPERIENTIAL COURSES

S. No.	Titles of the module	Credits
1.	Bio-agents and Bio-fertilizer production	0+10
2.	Hybrid Seed Production in Vegetables Crops	0+10
3.	On Farm Advisory for Soil Health, Water Quality & Plant Nutrition	0+10
4.	Commercial Beekeeping	0+10
5.	Commercial Cocoon Production	0+10
6.	Commercial Plant Tissue Culture	0+10
7.	Commercial Nursery Technology of Horticultural Crops	0+10
8.	Commercial Landscape Gardening	0+10
9.	Commercial production of Bio-control agents	0+10
10.	Commercial mushroom production	0+10
11.	Commercial broiler and layer production	0+10
12.	Commercial seed production	0+10
13.	Hybrid pearl millet seed production	0+10
14.	Hybrid rice parental line seed production	0+10
15.	Managerial skill for Agribusiness	0+10
16.	Export Import and Protection of Property Rights in Agriculture	0+10
17.	Development of Integrated Farming system Model	0+10
18.	Protected cultivation of Vegetable crops	0+10
19.	Composting technology	0+10
20.	Utilization of Rearing Bed Refuse, Pupae and Unreelable Cocoons	0+10
21.	Agri-business management	0+10

Optional courses : A student can select one optional course out of the following offered during VI semester.

Optional courses for 2 credits
S.N.	Courses	Credit Hours
1.	Applied Crop Physiology	2 (1+1)
2.	Designer fertilizer Production	2 (1+1)
3.	Rejuvenation of Deteriorated lands	2 (1+1)
4.	Soilless crop production	2 (1+1)
5.	Instrumental methods of analysis	2 (1+1)
6.	Seed entrepreneurship skill development and management	2 (1+1)
7.	Production Technology of Field Crops	2 (1+1)
8.	Weed and water management	2 (1+1)
9.	Plant Genetic Resources Collection, Conservation and Utilization	2 (1+1)
10.	Commercial Production of Nematode Antagonistic bio-agents	2 (1+1)
11.	Downstream Processing for Industrially Important Microbial Products	2 (1+1)
12.	Microbial Enzymes	2 (1+1)
13.	Microbial Quality and Safety of Foods	2 (1+1)
14.	Plant –Microbe Interaction	2 (1+1)
15.	Quality Control of Bio-inoculants	2 (1+1)
16.	Crop and Pesticide chemistry	2 (1+1)

AGR 101 Fundamentals of Agronomy and Agricultural Heritage (1+1)

Unit - I:

Agriculture - Definition - Importance and scope - Branches of agriculture - Evolution of man and agriculture - History of agricultural development in the World and India.

Unit - II:

Agriculture heritage - Agriculture in ancient India - Chronological agricultural technology development in India - Kambar Aer Ezhupathu - Development of scientific Agriculture - National and International Agricultural Research Institutes in India - Indian agriculture.

Unit - III:

Agronomy - Definition - Importance - Meaning and scope - Agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu - Agro ecological zones of India - Crops and their classification - Economic and agronomic - Major crops of India and Tamil Nadu - Major soils of Tamil Nadu - Factors affecting crop production - climatic - edaphic - biotic - physiographic and socio economic factors.

Unit - IV:

Tillage - Definition - Types - Objectives - Modern concepts of tillage - Main field preparations - Seeds - seed rate - sowing methods - Crop establishment methods - Planting geometry and its effect on growth and yield - After cultivation -Thinning - Gap filling - Weeds - Definition - Weed control methods.

Unit - V:

Manures and fertilizers (organic, in-organic, green manure) - time and method of application - Irrigation - Principles and concepts - Cropping patterns and cropping systems - Sustainable agriculture - integrated farming systems - Organic agriculture - Principles and concepts - Dry farming - Principles and concepts.

Practical:

Visit to college farm - Study of farm features and measurements - identification of crops and seeds - working out seed rate - Study of seed treatment practices - Study of tillage implements; practicing ploughing, puddling operations, practicing seeding different methods of sowing and planting - Study and practicing inter-cultivation implements; Practicing fertilizer applications - Participation in ongoing field operations.

Theory - Lecture Schedule:

1. Agriculture - Definition - Importance and scope - Branches of agriculture - Evolution of man and agriculture.

2. Indian agriculture - Indian economy - National income - per capita income - Agricultural income in GDP - Women in agriculture and empowerment.

3. Agriculture heritage - Agriculture in ancient India.

4. Chronological agricultural technology development in India. – Kambar Aer Ezhupadhu

5. Development of scientific agriculture - National and International Agricultural Research Institutes

6. Agronomy - definition - meaning and scope

7. Agro-climatic zones of India and Tamil Nadu - Agro ecological zones of India and Tamil Nadu.

8. Mid-semester Examination.

9. Crops and major soils - classification - Economic and agricultural importance in Tamil Nadu and India.

10. Factors affecting crop production - climatic - edaphic - biotic- physiographic and socio economic factors.

11. Tillage - Definition - objectives - types of tillage - modern concepts of tillage - main field preparation.

12. Seeds - Seed rate - sowing methods - Germination - Crop stand establishment - Planting geometry.

13. Weeds - Definition - harmful and beneficial effects of weeds - crop weed competition and management of weeds - IWM.

14. Role of manures and fertilizers in crop production - Inter cultivation - Thinning - gap filling and other intercultural operations.

15. Irrigation - time and methods - Modern techniques of irrigation - Drainage and its importance.

16. Cropping patterns and cropping system - intensive cropping - sustainable agriculture – IFS.

17. Organic / eco - friendly agriculture - Dry farming- principles and concepts.

Practical schedule:

1. Visit to college farm to observe wetland farming system and identification of crops.

2. Visit to college farm to observe garden land and dry land farming systems and identification of crops.

3. Identification of seeds, manures, fertilizers, green manures and green leaf manures.

4. Identification of tools and implements.

5. Acquiring skill in handling primary and secondary tillage implements.

6. Practicing different methods of land configuration for raising nursery for wet land crops.

7. Practicing different methods of land configuration for raising nursery for garden land crops.

8. Practicing different methods of seed treatments, methods of sowing and seeding implements.

9. Working out seed rates and practicing thinning, gap filling operations for optimum crop stand and intercultural operations.

10. Working out manure and fertilizer requirement of crops.

11. Practicing methods of application: manures and fertilizers and incorporation of green manure and green leaf manure.

12. Identification of weeds, weeding practices and handling of weeding tools and implements.

13. Observing various irrigation methods.

14. Practicing harvesting operations in major field crops.

15. Participation in on-going field operations during on campus / off campus visit.

16. Visit to nearby Agricultural Research station.

17. Practical Examination.

References:

Yellamananda Reddy, T. and G.H. Sankara Reddi. 1997. Principles of Agronomy. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

Sankaran, S. and V.T. Subbiah Mudaliar. 1997. Principles of Agronomy. The Bangalore Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd., Bangalore.

ICAR. 2011. Handbook of Agriculture. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

E-References:

http://icar.res.in

www.webcast.gov.in

www.icar.org.in/nasm.html

BIC 101 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY (2+1)

Theory

UNIT I Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates - occurrence and classification. Structure of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates - optical isomerism, optical activity, mutarotation, reducing property, reaction with acids and alkalies. Glycoconjugates - Glycoproteins and Lectin - structure and significance.

UNIT II Lipids

Lipids - occurrence and classification. Storage lipids - fatty acids, triacyl glycerol, essential fatty acids, waxes. Structural lipids - role of lipids in biological membrane-glycolipids and phospholipids - types and importance; Sterols - basic structure and their importance. Physical and chemical constants of oils. Rancidity of oils.

UNIT III Proteins , Enzymes and Nucleic acids

Amino acids - classification and structure. Essential amino acids. Properties of amino acids - amphoteric nature and isomerism. Classification of proteins based on functions and solubility. Structure of proteins: primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure - protein folding and denaturation. Properties and reactions of proteins. Enzymes - Properties, classification and nomenclature. Mechanism of enzyme action. Factors affecting enzyme activity. Enzyme inhibition - Competitive, Non-competitive and Uncompetitive inhibition; Allosteric enzymes. Coenzymes, cofactors and isoenzyme. Nucleic acids: Importance and classification; Structure of Nucleotides, A, B & Z DNA; RNA: Types and Secondary & Tertiary structure.

UNIT IV Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism - breakdown of starch by amylases, glycolysis, TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway. Respiration - electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Bioenergetics of glucose. Lipid metabolism - lipases and phospholipases. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids and bioenergetics. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triacyl glycerol. General catabolic pathyway for amino acids - transamination, deamination and decarboxylation. Ammonia assimilating enzymes. Metabolic inter-relationship.

UNIT V Secondary metabolites

Secondary metabolites - occurrence, classification and functions of phenolics, terpenes and alkaloids.

Practical

Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates, Estimation of starch, amylase. Determination of reducing sugars. Qualitative analysis of amino acids, Sorenson’s formal titration of amino acids, Estimation of amino acids, Estimation of protein .Determination of free fatty acid, iodine number of oil. Estimation of ascorbic acid by dye method. Assay of amylase. Estimation of total phenols. Extraction and estimation of lycopene and carotenoids. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography, Separation of phenols by thin layer chromatography.

Lecture Schedule

1. Introduction to Biochemistry, Carbohydrates - occurrence and classification T2: 1-4, 66-72

2. Structure of monosaccharides T2: 75-82

3. Structure of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides T2: 82-90

4. Physical and Chemical properties of carbohydrates T2: 73-78, T2: 90-95

5. Glycoproteins and lectin - structure and significance T1: 316-321

6. Lipids - occurrence and classification T2: 99-100

7. Storage lipids - Fatty acids and triacyl glycerol; Essential fatty acids, waxes T2: 101-106

8. Structural lipids - Glycolipids and phospholipids - types and importance T2: 107-111

9. Sterols - basic structure and their importance T2: 111-114

10. Physical and chemical constants of oils; Rancidity of oils T2: 114-119

11. Amino acids - Classification and structure T2: 17-21

12. Properties of amino acids - amphoteric nature, isomerism, essential amino acids T2: 21-26

13. Classification of proteins based on function and solubility T2: 26-31

14. Structure of protein - Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure T2: 31-41

15. Protein folding, physical and chemical properties of proteins T2: 41-43, T1: 52-55

16. Enzymes - Properties, classification and nomenclature T2: 123-127

17. MIDSEMESTER EXAMINATION

18. Mechanism of enzyme action T2: 129-131

19. Factors affecting enzyme activity T2: 131-136

20. Enzyme inhibition - competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive and allosteric enzymes

T2: 136-137, T1: 224-225

21. Coenzymes, cofactors and isoenzyme T2: 127-129, 138

22. Nucleic acids: Importance and classification; Structure of Nucleotides, A, B & Z DNA T2 :47-56

23. RNA: Types and Secondary & Tertiary structure T2:57-63

24. Carbohydrate metabolism - breakdown of starch by amylases, Glycolysis - Reactions and bioenergetics T2:159-164

25. TCA cycle - Reactions and bioenergetics T2: 164-168

26. Pentose phosphate pathway - Reactions T2: 174-177

27. Respiration - electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation T2: 170-173

28. Lipid metabolism - lipases and phospholipases, Beta-oxidation of fatty acids and bioenergetics T2: 205-208, T2: 208-212

29. Biosynthesis of fattyacids and triacylglycerol T2: 213- 220

30. Transamination, deamination and decarboxylation of amino acids T2: 224-231

31. Ammonia assimilating enzymes - GS, GOGAT and GDH T2: 231-233

32. Metabolic inter-relationship T2: 287-289

33. Secondary metabolites - occurrence, classification and functions of phenolics T2: 274-276

34. Occurrence, classification and functions of terpenes and alkaloids T2: 277-280

www.agriinfo.in

http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/

http://agritech.tnau.ac.in

SAC 101 Fundamentals of Soil Science (2+1)

Aim:

To impart knowledge about soils, their formation, pedological and edaphological approaches and physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.

Unit I

Soil as a natural body, Pedological and edaphological concepts of soil. Components of soil. Soil genesis: Composition of Earth's crust- soil forming rocks and minerals – Primary and secondary minerals. Weathering of rocks and minerals. Factors of soil formation. Soil forming processes. Soil Profile.

Unit II

Soil physical properties: Soil texture, structure, density and porosity, soil colour, consistence and plasticity. Soil water retention, movement and availability. Soil air, composition, gaseous exchange-problem and its effect on crop growth. Source, amount and flow of heat in soil, Soil temperature and crop growth.

Unit III

Soil physico chemical and chemical properties: Soil reaction-pH, soil acidity and alkalinity, buffering, effect of pH on nutrient availability. Electrical conductivity. Soil colloids - inorganic and organic. Silicate clays: constitution and properties, sources of charge, ion exchange, cation and anion exchange capacity and base saturation.

Unit IV

Soil organic matter: composition, properties and its influence on soil properties. Humic substances - nature and properties. Soil Biology : Soil organisms : macro and micro organisms, their beneficial and harmful effects. Soil enzymes. Soil pollution – Types and behaviour of pesticides. Inorganic contaminants. Prevention and mitigation of soil pollution.

PRACTICAL SCHEDULE

Study of soil profile in field. Study of soil sampling tools, collection of representative soil sample, its processing and storage. Study of soil forming rocks and minerals. Determination of soil density, moisture content and porosity. Determination of soil colour. Determination of soil texture by feel and Bouyoucos Methods. Studies of capillary rise phenomenon of water in soil column and water movement in soil. Demonstration of heat transfer in soil. Preparation and standardization of laboratory reagents, indicators and buffers. Determination of soil pH and electrical conductivity. Determination of cation exchange capacity of soil. Estimation of organic matter content of soil. Study of soil map.

Lecture Schedule

	Soil definition - Soil as a three dimensional natural body, Pedological and edaphological concepts of soil
2	Components of soil – soil a three phase system- Composition of Earth's crust.
3	Soil genesis: soil forming rocks-definition, formation, Classification of rocks- igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
4.	Brief description of important rocks - mineralogical composition
5	Minerals- definition, occurrence, classification of important soil forming primary minerals - silicate and non silicate minerals, ferro and non-ferro magnesium minerals
6	Formation of secondary minerals - clay minerals and amorphous minerals
7	Weathering - Rocks and minerals - Physical, chemical and biological weathering
8	Factors of soil formation- Passive and active soil forming factors soil forming factors
9	Soil forming process- Fundamental - Simenson's four fold soil forming process -eluviation, illuviation, translocation and humification
10	Specific Soil forming processes - podzolization, laterization, salinization, alkalization, calcification, decalcification and pedoturbation
11	Soil Profile – Horizons, Master horizons and subordinate horizons, subdivisions, Lithological discontinuity.
12	Soil physical properties: Soil texture - particle size distribution - textural classes - textural triangular diagram - significance of soil texture
13	Soil structure - classification - genesis - factors influencing structural stability - significance of soil structure
14	Soil bulk density, particle density and porosity - factors influencing – significance.
15	Soil colour - causes and measurement - Munsell colour chart - factors influencing soil colour –Significance of soil colour.
16	Soil consistence - cohesion, adhesion, plasticity, Atterberg's constants - upper and lower plastic limits, plasticity number- significance of soil consistence
17	Mid semester Examination
18	Soil water- forms of water, units of expression and pF scale
19	Soil water potentials - gravitational, matric, osmotic- Soil moisture constants and Soil moisture measurements.
20	Movement of soil water - Saturated and unsaturated flow - infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, percolation, permeability and drainage
21	Soil air, composition, gaseous exchange – Problem and its effect on crop growth.
22	Source, amount and flow of heat in soil, soil temperature and crop growth. and crop growth.
23	Soil reaction (pH) - definition, pH scale, soil acidity and alkalinity, buffering, effect of pH on nutrient availability and factors affecting soil pH
24	Soil Electrical Conductivity - Factors affecting EC – its significance
25	Soil colloids - inorganic and organic
26	Silicate clays: constitution and classification - 1:1, 2:1 expanding and non expanding - 2:2 clay minerals, amorphous minerals and their properties
27	Sources of charge, ion exchange – positive and negative charge – isomorphous substitution, pH dependant charge.
28	Ion exchange - Cation and anion exchange capacity and base saturation
29	Soil organic matter: composition, properties and its influence on soil properties
30	Humic substances – fractionation, nature and properties, Theories of humus formation.
31	Soil Biology- Soil organisms: macro and micro organisms, their beneficial and harmful effects, Soil enzymes
32	Soil carbon sequestration and carbon trading
33	Soil pollution - behaviour of pesticides and inorganic contaminants
34	Prevention and mitigation of soil pollution

Practical schedule

1	Study of soil sampling tools, collection of representative soil sample, its processing and storage.
2.	Study of soil profile in field.
3	Study of soil forming rocks and minerals.
4	Determination of soil density and porosity.
5	Determination of soil colour and moisture content and porosity.
6	Determination of soil texture by feel and Bouyoucos Methods
7	Determination of soil texture by International pipette method.
8	Studies of capillary rise phenomenon of water in soil column and water movement in soil (Infiltration Rate)
9	Studies of capillary rise phenomenon of water in soil column and water movement in soil (Hydraulic conductivity)
10	Determination of soil temperature and demonstration of heat transfer.
11	Preparation and standardization of laboratory reagents, indicators and buffers
12	Determination of soil pH and electrical conductivity.
13	Determination of cation exchange capacity of soil - I.
14	Determination of cation exchange capacity of soil - II
15	Estimation of soil organic carbon.
16	Study of soil map (India and Tamil Nadu )
17	Practical Examination

Text Books

1. Brady, N.C. and Raymond, C.Weil. 2013. The Nature and Properties of Soils (14^th Edition). Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

2. Fundamentals of Soil Science. 2009. ISSS Publication, New Delhi.

3. Sehgal, J. 2005. Pedology concepts and applications, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

4. Das, D.K. 2013. Introductory Soil science, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

e-references

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/books
http://202.200.144.17/sykc/hjx/content/ckzl/6/2.pdf
http://www.pedosphere.com/volume01/pdf/Section._01.pdf
http://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/homeowners/Septic Drain field Soil Suitability, Presentations /6 _Soil Texture and__Structure.pdf
http://wfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/landscape_horticulture/PDFdocuments/SoilProp.pdf
http://www.rootsofpeace.org/assets/Soil%Testinq%Manual%20V6%20(Feb%208).pdf
http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/morphology.htm
http://www.soils.wis.edu/courses/SS325/morphology.htm
http://landresources.montana.edu/
http://ftp.wcc.nrcs.usda.goV/H....soil Other/soil-USDA-textural-class.pd

Out Come

The students will gain knowledge on concepts and principles of analytical techniques. They will also acquire skills in various analytical techniques. Further, the knowledge gained will form as building block to pursue many research works.

FOR 111 Introduction to Forestry (1+1)

Theory

Definition of Forest and Forestry, importance, History, Forestry Education and Research in India, various branches in forestry. National Forest Policy of 1894, 1952, 1988: Indian Forest Act-1927: Karnataka Tree Preservation Act: Forest Conservation Act-1980: The Environment (Protection) Act-1986: Indian Wildlife Preservation Act-1972: Amendments to Environment (Protection) Act-1999. Forest wealth in India: Forest productivity. Deforestation: Various causes and implications, desertification, afforestation, reforestation. Indian wildlife and management. National parks and sanctuaries, endangered species; Forest ecosystem, natural forests and their formation, succession and zonation, limiting factors: climax vegetation, types of natural forests and their distribution. Food chain, natural forests, V/s man-made forest. Social forestry and its branches: Extension forestry, urban forestry, recreation forestry. Farm-forestry: Agro-forestry methods, woodlot system etc., and their management, windbreaks and shelterbelts: different types of waste lands and their reclamation through afforestation and joint forest management.

Practical

Identification of important trees, seeds and seedlings: Study of nursery techniques- Trench and mound plantation, pit plantation: Study of different types of plantations: Visit to agro-forestry and farm forestry plots: Measurement of volume of standing trees: Study of wood formation: study of wood specimens and non-timber forest products. Visit to a nearby National Park and forest.

Suggested Reading

Beazley, M. 1981. The International Book of Forest. London

Champion and Seth. 1968. Forest types of India.

Grebner, D.L., Bettinger, P. and Siry, J.P. 2012. Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources. Academic Press. 508p (Google eBook).

Khanna, L.S. 1989. Principles and Practice of Silviculture. Khanna Bandhu, New Delhi.

Mitchell Beazly.1981. The International Book of the Forest. Mitchell Beazly Publishers, London.

Mather, A.S. 1990. Global Forest Resources. Belhaven, London

Persson, R. 1992. World Forest Resources. Periodical Experts, New Delhi.

Westoby, J. 1991. Introduction to World Forestry. Wiley, 240p.

ENG 101 - Comprehension and Communication Skills in English (Gradial course)

Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Theory

War Minus Shooting- The sporting Spirit. A Dilemma- A layman looks at science Raymond B. Fosdick. You and Your English – Spoken English and broken English G.B. Shaw. Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary- Antonym, Synonym, Homophones, Homonyms, often confused words. Exercises to Help the students in the enrichment of vocabulary based on TOEFL and other competitive examinations. Functional grammar: Articles, Prepositions, Verb, Subject verb Agreement, Transformation, Synthesis, Direct and Indirect Narration. Written Skills: Paragraph writing, Precise writing, Report writing and Proposal writing. The Style: Importance of professional writing. Preparation of Curriculum Vitae and Job applications. Synopsis Writing. Interviews: kinds, Importance and process.

Practical

Listening Comprehension: Listening to short talks lectures, speeches (scientific, commercial and general in nature). Oral Communication: Phonetics, stress and intonation, Conversation practice. Conversation: rate of speech, clarity of voice, speaking and Listening, politeness & Reading skills: reading dialogues, rapid reading, intensive reading, improving reading skills. Mock Interviews: testing initiative, team spirit, leadership, intellectual ability. Group Discussions.

Syllabus

ENG 101 - Comprehension and Communication Skills in English (1+1)

THEORY LECTURE SCHEDULE

1. War Minus Shooting (A lesson from the Text Book, “The Sporting Spirit” by George Orwell) textual grammar pertaining to factual comprehension and inferential comprehension & referential comprehension.

2. War Minus Shooting (A lesson from the Text Book, “The Sporting Spirit” by George Orwell) textual grammar pertaining to global comprehension and attitudinal comprehension

3. War Minus Shooting (A lesson from the Text Book, “The Sporting Spirit” by George Orwell) textual grammar on synonyms – antonyms – prefix – suffix – homonyms - homophones – TOEFL & IELTS vocabulary

4. War Minus Shooting (A lesson from the Text Book, “The Sporting Spirit” by George Orwell) textual grammar – English articles – preposition – conjunctions and its types

5. A Dilemma (A lesson from the Text Book, Layman looks at Science by Raymond Fosdick) textural grammar – verbs – auxiliary verbs - modals and basic tense forms

6. A Dilemma (A lesson from the Text Book, Layman looks at Science by Raymond Fosdick) textural grammar – sentence pattern and sentence forms (simple, compound and complex sentences)

7. A Dilemma (A lesson from the Text Book, Layman looks at Science by Raymond Fosdick) textural grammar – subject – verb – agreement

8. A Dilemma (A lesson from the Text Book, Layman looks at Science by Raymond Fosdick) textural grammar – transformation of sentences

9. MID-SEMESTER EXAMINATION

10. You and Your English (A lesson from the Text Book, Spoken English and Broken English by G.B. Shaw) textural grammar – synthesis of sentences – reported speech (direct and indirect speech)

11. You and Your English (A lesson from the Text Book, Spoken English and Broken English by G.B. Shaw) textural grammar – paragraph writing (thesis sentences, supporting statements, inferential statements)

12. You and Your English (A lesson from the Text Book, Spoken English and Broken English by G.B. Shaw) textural grammar – four principles of writing

13. You and Your English (A lesson from the Text Book, Spoken English and Broken English by G.B. Shaw) textural grammar - professional writing – summary writing and paraphrasing, synopsis writing and citation

14. Graham’s flow chart on writing skills

15. Letter writing – personal and social correspondence – job application

16. precise writing – report writing and proposal writing

17. Interview skills - kinds – importance and process

Syllabus

ENG 101 - Comprehension and Communication Skills in English (1+1)

PRACTICAL SCHEDULE

1. Listening - Introduction - Listening vs Hearing - listening modes - types of listening -

Intensive and Extensive Listening – practice

2. Process of Listening - methods of enhancing listening - barriers to listening and ways to

overcome them – practice

3. Oral communication - organs of speech – English phonemes (consonant table, vowel table) - practice

4. English Stress & Intonation - exercises.

5. Conversation techniques and practice

6. Rate of speech (slow pace, medium pace, rhetoric)

7. Reading - types - skimming and scanning - SQ4R - critical reading - analytical reading –

exercises

8. Principles and practice of presentation skills - PowerPoint preparation and presentation

9. Handout preparation - lecture notes preparation - practice and evaluation

10. Writing skills - note taking – precise writing – abstract writing – practice

11. Mind-mapping and article writing

12. Letter writing and rejoinder writing

13. Text writing - practice on table to text conversion

14. Interview skills – types of interview (group interview – panel interview – telephone

interview – behavioural interview – video-conferencing interview – mock interview)

15. Practice on speaking skills – welcome address - vote of thanks - short extemporal speech

16. Group discussion – techniques – types and practice

17. PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

References

1. Goodale, Malcolm, Professional Presentations, Cambridge University, 2005.

2. Greenbaum Sidney, Oxford English Grammar, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Peregoy, 2009.

3. Jones Daniel, English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge University Press,2006.

4. Lynch, Tony and Kenneth Anderson, Study Speaking, Cambridge University, 1992.

5. Martin Cutts, Oxford Guide to Plain English, Oxford University Press, 2004.

6. Sahaneya Wandy, et.al., IELTS, Preparation and Practice, Oxford University, 2005.

7. Sundararajan, N, Attentive Listening: How it Matters, University News, March 19-25, 2005.

e-references :

www.orwell.ru/library/articles/spirit/english/e_spirit	www.reportingskills.com
www.essays.com	www.writing-skills.com
www.onestopenglish.com	www.negotiation.com
www.bogglesworld.com	www.teachersdesk.com
www.eltweb.com	www.flexbilelearning.net.an

HOR 111 Fundamentals of Horticulture (1+1)

AIM

Ø To inculcate the basic concepts, technical knowhow of horticultural operations.

Unit I History, evolution and scope of horticulture

Origin of horticulture – history – evolution – definitions – scope and importance of horticulture – division and classification of horticultural crops – fruits, vegetables, spices and plantation crops, floriculture, landscaping, ornamental gardening, medicinal and aromatic crops – nutritive value and global and national scenario of horticultural crops.

Unit II Sexual propagation

Sexual propagation – importance, advantages and disadvantages – methods of enhancement of seed viability – types of dormancy – seed invigoration – seed treatments

Unit III Asexual propagation

Asexual propagation, importance, advantages and disadvantages - Asexual propagation types viz., Types of cutting, layering, grafting and budding. Use of specialized plant parts in propagation. Propagation structures and their role. Rootstock influence – stock / scion relationship in fruit crops. Scope and importance of micro propagation in horticultural crops. Direct and indirect organogenesis – media for micro propagation and hardening.

Unit IV Planting systems and pollination

Principles of orchard establishment - Methods of planting systems including HDP and UHDP in horticultural crops – crop regulatory practices for horticultural crops – training, pruning, special operations in horticultural crops – off season production of horticultural crops. Flowering, pollination, fruit set, fruit drop, parthenocarpy, fruit ripening and senescence – Unfruitfulness and its causes.

Unit V. Principles and types of garden

Principles and types of garden – principles and types of parks – principles of herbal garden

Practical

Features of an orchard - Identification of garden tools, implements and machineries. Identification of horticultural crops and herbarium making. Preparation of potting mixture, potting and repotting. Preparation of seed bed / nursery bed. Practice of sexual and asexual methods of propagation- cutting, layering, budding, grafting – specialized plant parts - Layout and planting of fruit trees. Training and pruning of fruit trees. Transplanting and care of vegetable seedlings. Making of herbaceous and shrubbery borders. Practicing irrigation, fertilizer and manures application in different crops. Preparation and application of Plant Growth Regulators – visit to tissue culture lab - Visits to commercial nurseries / orchard / garden.

Theory schedule

Origin of horticulture – history – evolution – definitions – scope and importance of

horticulture

Division and classification of horticultural crops – fruits, vegetables, spices and plantation crops, floriculture, landscaping, ornamental gardening, medicinal and aromatic crops

Nutritive value and global and national scenario of horticultural crops

Sexual propagation – importance, advantages and disadvantages – methods of enhancement of seed viability

Types of dormancy – seed invigoration – seed treatments

Asexual propagation, importance, advantages and disadvantages - Asexual propagation types

Vegetative propagation – merits and demerits – cutting and layering

Vegetative propagation – merits and demerits – grafting and budding

Mid semester examination

Use of specialized plant parts in propagation - Propagation structures and their role.

Rootstock influence – stock / scion relationship in fruit crops

Scope and importance of micro propagation in horticultural crops- Direct and indirect organogenesis – media for micro propagation and hardening

Principles of orchard establishment - Methods of planting systems including HDP and UHDP in horticultural crops

Crop regulatory practices for horticultural crops – training, pruning, special operations in horticultural crops – off season production of horticultural crops.

Flowering, pollination, fruit set, fruit drop, parthenocarpy, fruit ripening and senescence, unfruitfulness and its causes
Principles and types of garden –
Principles and types of parks – principles of herbal garden

Practical schedule

1. Visit to orchard and identifying its components

2. Identification of garden tools, implements and machineries

3. Identification of horticultural crops and herbarium making

Preparation of pot mixture, potting and repotting
Preparation of nursery beds for raising rootstocks and seedlings

6. Practicing asexual methods of propagation- cutting and layering

7. Practicing asexual methods of propagation – budding and grafting

8. Plant propagation structures and specialized plant parts for propagation

9. Layout and planting of fruit trees

10. Training and pruning of fruit trees

11. Transplanting and care of vegetable seedlings

12. Making of herbaceous and shrubbery borders

13. Practicing irrigation, fertilizer and manures application in different crops

14. Preparation and application of Plant Growth Regulators

15. Visit to tissue culture lab

16. Visit to commercial nurseries / garden

17. Practical examination

References

Text books

1. Sadhu, M.K.1989. Plant Propagation. Wiley Eastern Ltd., 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi- 110 002.Bose, T.K., S.K. Mitra, M. K. Sadhu and B. Mitra. 1991. Propagation of Tropical and Subtropical Horticultural Crops. Naya Prakash 206, Bidhan Sarani, Calcutta-6, IndiaHartmann, H.T., D.E. Kester, F.T. Davies and R.L. Greneve. 1997. Plant Propagation - Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi.Nanda, K.K and V.K. Kochhar. 1995. Vegetative Propagation of Plants. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.

2. George Acquaah, 2002. Horticulture – principles and practices. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3. Hartman, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1986. Plant propagation – Principles and Practices – Prentice Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Jules Janick.1979.Horticultural Science. Surjeet Publications. New Delhi.

5. Kumar, N.2014, Introduction to Horticulture, Oxford IBH Publications, New Delhi.

III. Journals

1. Indian Horticulture

2. Chronica Horticulture

3. Hort technology

IV. e references

http://aggie – horticulture, tamu.edu/propagation/propagation.html
http://www/britannica.com/
http://www.horticulture.com.au/export/hmac.asp
http://www.horticultureworld.net/hort-india.htm
http://www.fao.org/

Outcome

The students will know about the history, principles, basic concepts and technical knowhow of the horticultural operations

MAT 113 ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS (1+1)

Objective:

To understand and apply fundamental concepts of mathematics applicable in biology and to acquire about theoretical concepts of Algebra, Geometry, Calculus and Mathematical Modeling.

Theory

Unit - I

Algebra: Permutation and Combination -meaning of nPr and nCr (simple problems). Matrices- Definition of Matrices, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Transpose and Inverse up to 3^rd order by adjoint method, Properties of determinants up to 3^rd order and their evaluation.

Unit - II

Analytical Geometry: Distance formula, section formula (internal and external division), Change of axes (only origin changed), Equation of co-ordinate axes, Equation of lines parallel to axes, Slope-intercept form of equation of line, Slope-point form of equation of line, Two point form of equation of line, Intercept form of equation of line, Normal form of equation of line, General form of equation of line, Point of intersection of two straight lines, Angles between two straight lines, Parallel lines, Perpendicular lines.

Equation of circle whose centre and radius is known, General equation of a circle, Equation of circle passing through three given points, Equation of circle whose diameters is line joining two points (x₁, y₁) & (x₂,y₂).

Unit - III

Differential Calculus: Definition of function, limit and continuity, Simple problems on limit, Simple problems on continuity, Differentiation of xⁿ , e^x , sin x & cos x from first principle, Derivatives of sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, Differentiation of functions of functions (Simple problem based on it), Logarithmic differentiation (Simple problem based on it), Differentiation by substitution method and simple problems based on it, Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric functions. Partial differentiation with first and second order -Maxima and Minima of the functions of the form y = f (x) and y = f(x₁,x₂) (Simple problems based on it).

Unit –IV

Integral Calculus: Integration of simple functions, Integration of Product of two functions, Integration by substitution method, Definite Integral (simple problems based on it), Area under simple well-known curves (simple problems based on it).

Unit-V

Mathematical Models: Agricultural systems - Mathematical models - classification of mathematical models- Fitting of Linear, quadratic and exponential models to experimental data.

Practical

Simple problems in Permutation and Combination -meaning of nPr and nCr Problems in Algebra of matrices , Transpose and Inverse up to 3^rd order by adjoint method, evaluation of determinants up to 3^rd order. Problems in Straight lines using distance formula, section formula (internal and external division), Change of axes (only origin changed)- Equation of co-ordinate axes- Equation of lines parallel to axes. Problems in equation of a line in : Slope-intercept form, Slope-point form, two point forms, Intercept form, Normal form , General form, Point of intersection of two straight lines. Problems in Angles between two straight lines, Parallel lines, Perpendicular lines. Problems in Equation of circle whose centre and radius is known, General equation of a circle, Equation of circle passing through three given points, Equation of circle whose diameters is line joining two points (x₁, y₁) & (x₂,y₂). Simple problems in limit and continuity. Problems in differentiation of xⁿ , e^x , sin x & cos x, derivatives of sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Simple problem based on differentiation of functions of functions and Logarithmic differentiation. Simple problems based on differentiation by substitution method. Problems in partial differentiation and Maxima and Minima of the functions of the form y=f (x)and y=f(x₁,x₂). Problems in integration of simple functions and product of two functions- Definite Integral. Integration by substitution method-Problems in Area under simple well-known curves. Problems in fitting linear, quadratic and Exponential models to experimental data.

Theory Schedule:

1. Permutation and Combination -meaning of nPr and nCr (Simple Problems) .

2. Matrices- Definition of Matrices- Types of Matrices- Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Transpose

3. Determinants-Properties of determinants -up to 3^rd order evaluation and inverse up to 3^rd order by adjoint method.

4. Straight lines - Distance formula-section formula (internal and external division) - Change of axes (only origin changed) - Equation of co-ordinate axes- Equation of lines parallel to axes.

5. Forms of equation of Line-Slope-intercept form -Slope one point form - Two point form -Intercept form.

6. Normal form of equation of line- General form of equation of line- Point of intersection of two straight lines.

7. Angles between two straight lines- Parallel lines- Perpendicular lines- Angle of bisectors between two lines.

8. Circle-Equation of circle whose centre and radius is known- General equation of a circle- Equation of circle passing through three given points- Equation of circle whose diameters is line joining two points (x₁, y₁) & (x₂,y₂).

9. Mid Semester Examination

10. Differential Calculus - Definition of function, limit and continuity- Simple problems on limit and continuity.

11. Differentiation of xⁿ , e^x , sin x & cos x from first principle-Derivatives of sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions- Differentiation using functions of function rule (Simple problem based on it)

12. Logarithmic differentiation (Simple problem based on it)- Differentiation by substitution method and simple problems based on it- Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric functions

13. Maxima and Minima of the functions of the form y=f (x) and y=f(x₁,x₂) (Simple problems based on it).

14. Integral Calculus - Integration of simple functions and Product of two functions- Definite Integral (simple problems based on it)

15. Integration by substitution method- Area under simple well-known curves (simple problems based on it).

16. Agricultural systems - Mathematical models - classification of mathematical models- Linear model.

17. Quadratic and Exponential models- applications of mathematical models in agriculture.

Practical Schedule:

1. Simple problems in Permutation and Combination.

2. Problems in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Transpose of a matrix

3. Problems in determinants and Inverse up to 3^rd order by adjoint method.

4. Problems in Straight lines using distance formula, section formula (internal and external division), Change of axes (only origin changed)- Equation of co-ordinate axes- Equation of lines parallel to axes.

5. Problems in Slope-intercept form of equation of line, Slope-point form of equation of line, two point forms of equation of line, Intercept form of equation of line.

6. Problems in Normal form of equation of line, General form of equation of line, Point of intersection of two straight lines.

7. Problems in Angles between two straight lines, Parallel lines, Perpendicular lines, Angle of bisectors between two lines.

8. Problems in Equation of circle whose centre and radius is known, General equation of a circle, Equation of circle passing through three given points, Equation of circle whose diameters is line joining two points (x₁, y₁) & (x₂,y₂).

9. Simple problems in limit and continuity.

10. Problems in differentiation of xⁿ , e^x , sin x & cos x, derivatives of sum, difference, product , quotient of two functions and differentiation of functions of functions.

11. Simple problem based on Logarithmic differentiation and differentiation by substitution method.

12. Problems in Maxima and Minima of the functions of the form y=f (x) and y=f(x₁,x₂)

13. Problems in integration of simple functions and product of two functions using integration by parts- Definite Integral.

14. Integration by substitution method-Problems in Area under simple well-known curves

15. Problems in fitting linear models to experimental data .

16. Problems in fitting Quadratic and Exponential models to experimental data.

17. Final Practical Examination.

References:

1. Mehta, B. C. and G. M. K. Madnani, 2014, Mathematics for Economists, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.

2. Kailasam.C, Pangayar Selvi. R and Vasanthi. R, 2010 , Applied Mathematics, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur

3. James Stewart and Barhara Frank, Calculus, 2008, International Thomson Publishers, Singapore

4. Duraipandian, 2007, Calculus and Analytical Geometry, Emerald Publishers, Chennai.

5. Ranganathan.C.R. 2006, A First Course in Mathematical Models of Population

Growth (with MATLAB programs), Associated publishing company, New Delhi

6. Manickavasagam Pillai, T. K and Natarajan, T. 2004. Calculus, Viswanathan, Publications, Madras.

PBG 101 Introductions to Agricultural Botany (1+1)

Aim: To expose the students to the basic features of botanical description, economic parts and economic importance of different field and horticultural crops

SYLLABUS FOR THEORY

Unit I: Systems of classification and general morphological description

Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plant kingdom –– International code of nomenclature and its major guidelines – author citation – Agricultural classification of crops; General morphology: Life span, habit, root, stem, leaf - petiole, leaf margin, leaf apex, leaf shape, venation and phyllotaxy; Modification of roots and leaf; Floral morphology: Kinds of bracts, inflorescence; Structure of flower, androecium, gynoecium, placentation, types of fruits.

Unit II: Botanical description and economic uses of Poaceae

List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Poaceae: Key botanical features of Rice, Wheat, Sorghum, Maize, Pearl millet, Finger millet, list of small millets, Guinea grass, Napier grass, Cenchrus and Sugarcane

Unit III: Botanical description and economic uses of Papilionaceae

List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Papilionaceae: Key botanical features of Red gram, Bengal gram, Soybean, Black gram, Green gram, Cowpea, Lablab, Horse gram, Groundnut, Lucerne, Stylosanthes, Clitoria, Agathi and Sunnhemp,

Unit IV: Botanical description and economic uses of Pedaliaceae, Asteraceae, Oleaceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Arecaceae and Malvaceae

List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of the following families and Key botanical features of the crops given against them: Pedaliaceae - Gingelly; Asteraceae - Sunflower, Safflower, Chrysanthemum; Oleaceae – Jasmine; Brassicaceae - Rapeseed and Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower; Euphorbiaceae: Castor; Jatropha and Tapioca; Arecaceae: Coconut, Arecanut, Oilpalm, Sugarpalm; Malvaceae: Cotton, Mesta and Bhendi.

Unit V: Botanical description and economic uses of Tiliaceae, Piperaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Solanaceae, Mimosae, Moraceae,Cucurbitaceae, Alliaceae, Musaceae, Rubiaceae, Theaceae

List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of the following families and key botanical features of the crops given against them. Tiliaceae: Jute; Piperaceae: Betelvine; Chenopodiaceae: Sugar beet; Solanaceae: Tobacco, Potato, Chilli, Tomato and Brinjal; Mimosae: Desmanthes, Subabul and Acacia; Moraceae: Mulberry; Cucurbitaceae: Cucumber, Pumpkin, Ashgourd; Alliaceae: Onion and Garlic; Musaceae: Banana, Manila hemp; Rubiaceae: Coffee; Theaceae: Tea

SYLLABUS FOR PRACTICAL

Family features - observation and description of habit, morphology of root, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, floral diagram, floral formula and economic parts of Poaceae: Rice, Wheat, Sorghum, Maize, Pearl millet, Finger millet, Guinea grass, Napier grass, Cenchrus and Sugarcane; Papilionaceae: Redgram, Bengal gram, Soybean, Blackgram, Greengram, Cowpea, Lab-lab, Horse gram, Groundnut, Lucerne, Stylosanthes, Clitoria, Agathi and Sunnhemp; Pedaliaceae: Gingelly; Asteraceae: Sunflower, Safflower and Chrysanthemum; Oleaceae: Jasmine; Brassicaceae: Rape and Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower; Euphorbiaceae: Castor, Jatropha, Tapioca; Arecaceae: Coconut, Arecanut, Oilpalm and Sugar palm; Malvaceae: Cotton, Mesta, Bhendi; Tiliaceae: Jute; Piperaceae: Betelvine; Chenopodiaceae: Sugar beet; Solanaceae: Tobacco, Potato, Chilli, Tomato and Brinjal; Mimosae: Desmanthes, Subabul and Acacia; Moraceae: Mulberry; Cucurbitaceae: Cucumber, Pumpkin, Ashgourd; Alliaceae: Onion and Garlic; Musaceae: Banana, Manila hemp; Rubiaceae: Coffee; Theaceae: Tea

Theory schedule

1. Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plant kingdom –– International code of

nomenclature and its major guidelines – author citation – Agricultural classification of crops

2. General morphology: Life span, habit, root, stem, leaf - petiole, leaf margin, leaf apex, leaf shape, venation and phyllotaxy; Modification of roots and leaf

3. Floral morphology: Kinds of bracts, inflorescence; Structure of flower, androecium, gynoecium, placentation , types of fruits.

4. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Poaceae; Key botanical features of Rice and Wheat.

5. Key botanical features of sorghum, maize, pearl millet and finger millet. List of small millets

6. Key botanical features of Guinea grass, Napier grass, Cenchrus and sugarcane.

7. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of (Papilionaceae) Key botanical features of Red gram, Bengal gram and Soybean

8. Key botanical features of Black gram, Green gram, Cowpea, Lab lab, Horse gram and Groundnut.

9. Mid Semester Examination

10. Key botanical features of Lucerne, Stylosanthes, Clitoria, Agathi, and Sunnhemp.

11. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Pedaliaceae and Asteraceae: Key botanical features of Gingelly, Sunflower, Safflower, Chrysanthemum; Oleaceae: Jasmine

12. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Brassicaceae and Euphorbiaceae; Key botanical features of Rapeseed and Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Castor, Jatropha and Tapioca

13. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Arecaceae and Malvaceae; Key botanical features of Coconut, Arecanut, Oilpalm, Sugarpalm, Cotton, Mesta and Bhendi.

14. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Tiliaceae, Piperaceae and Chenopodiaceae; Key botanical features of Jute, Betelvine, Sugar beet.

15. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Solanaceae, Mimosae and Moraceae; Key botanical features of Tobacco, Potato, Chilli, Tomato and Brinjal, Desmanthes. Subabul, Mulberry

16. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Cucurbitaceae and Alliaceae; Cucurbitaceae: Key botanical features of Cucumber, Pumpkin, Ashgourd; Alliaceae: Onion and Garlic

17. List of cultivated crops, economic parts, chromosome number and family description of Musaceae, Rubiaceae and Theaceae; Key botanical features of Banana, Manila hemp, Coffee and Tea

Final Theory Examination

Practical schedule

1. Observing general morphology of roots, stems and leaves.

2. Observing general morphology of inflorescence - flowers, stamens and pistils.

3. Family characters, Botany, Economic parts, Floral diagram and Floral formula of the following crop plants:- Poaceae: Rice and Wheat

4. Poaceae: Sorghum, Maize, Pearl millet, Finger millet.

5. Poaceae: Guinea grass, Napier grass, Cenchrus and Sugarcane.

6. Papilionaceae: Redgram, Bengal gram and Soybean.

7. Papilionaceae: Blackgram, Greengram, Cowpea, Lab-lab, Horse gram and Groundnut.

8. Papilionaceae: Lucerne, Stylosanthes, Clitoria, Agathi, Sunnhemp, and Sesbania.

9. Pedaliaceae: Gingelly; Asteraceae: Sunflower, Safflower and Chrysanthemum;

Oleaceae: Jasmine

10. Brassicaceae: Rapeseed and Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower.

11. Euphorbiaceae: Castor, Jatropha, Tapioca; Arecaceae: Coconut, Arecanut, Oilpalm and Sugar palm.

12. Malvaceae: Cotton, Mesta, Bhendi

13. Tiliaceae: Jute; Piperaceae: Betelvine; Chenopodiaceae: Sugar beet;

14. Solanaceae: Tobacco, Potato, Chilli, Tomato and Brinjal; Mimosae: Desmanthes, Subabul , Moraceae:Mulberry

15. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumber, Pumpkin, Ashgourd; Alliaceae: Onion and Garlic

16. Musaceae: Banana, Manila hemp; Rubiaceae: Coffee; Theaceae: Tea

17. Final Practical Examination

Assignment

v Collection and preparation of 25 herbarium specimens representing minimum of ten families of the crop species studied.

Outcome

v Botanical features and economic importance of different crop plants belonging to 20 families will be exposed.

References

1. Daniel Sundararaj, D. and G. Thulasidas, 1993. Botany of field crops. MacMillan India Ltd., New Delhi.

2. Sambamurthy, V.S. and N.S. Subramanian, 1989. Text Book of Economic Botany, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi

Further reading

1. Purse glow, 1988. Tropical Crops - Monocotyledons. The English Language book

Society and Longman Co., Singapore

2. Purse glow. 1988. Tropical Crops - Dicotyledons. The English language book Society and Longman Co., Singapore.

3. Albert F. Hill and O.P. Sharma, 1996. Economic Botany. Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

4. John Joel, A., C. Vanniarajan, T.S. Raveendran, and A. Gopalan 2006. Fundamentals of Crop Botany, Directorate of ODL, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore–641 003.

Web resources

v www.nmsu.edu

v www.biology200.gsu.edu

AEX 101		Rural Sociology and Educational Psychology	2+0

Objective This course will enable students to acquire knowledge on basics concepts related to rural sociology and educational psychology. Students will also learn the practical applications of important sociological and psychological concepts.
Theory
UNIT I Introduction to Sociology, Social groups, Culture and Social Values Sociology and Rural Sociology – definitions; Society – rural and urban, characteristics, differences and relationships, important characteristics of Indian rural society; Social groups – definition, classification, role of social groups in extension; Culture – concept, cultural traits, characteristics, functions, Ethnocentrism, Acculturation, Cultural lag, Cultural diffusion, Marginal man, Ethos. Social Values – definition, values and norms, characteristics of values, functions;

UNIT II Social Structure, Social Stratification and Migration Structure of Rural Society – patterns of rural settlement, social institutions, social organizations, ecological entities (Region, Community, Neighbourhood, Family); Social Stratification – concept, functions, types, differences between class and caste system; Migration – concept, factors influencing migration.

UNIT III Social Control, Social Customs Social Control – definition; Customs – conventions, folkways, mores, rituals, taboos; Social Interaction Process – definition, basic social processes; Social Change – concept, factors influencing social change, indicators of social change; Social development :

UNIT IV Introduction to Educational Psychology, Intelligence, Teaching-Learning Process; Education – Psychology – Educational Psychology – Social Psychology – definitions, importance in extension; Basic principles of Human behaviour – Sensation, Attention, Cognitive, affective, psychomotor domain Perception – meaning, characteristics; Intelligence – concept, types, measurement, factors affecting intelligence; Personality – concept, types, measurement, factors influencing personality; Teaching–Learning Process – Teaching – definition, meaning, principles of teaching, steps in extension teaching; Learning – definition, meaning, principles, types of learning, learning situation.

UNIT V Motivation, Attitude Motivation – concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, techniques of motivation, importance in extension; Attitude – concept, factors influencing the development of attitudes.

Theory Schedule
1. 2.	Sociology and Rural Sociology – Definitions, nature of rural sociology, Importance of rural sociology in extension education.
3 4..	Society – rural and urban, characteristics, differences and relationship, important characteristics of Indian rural society; Social Groups – definitions, classification, role of social groups in extension.
5. 6..	Culture – concept, cultural traits, characteristics, functions, Ethnocentrism, Acculturation, Cultural lag, Cultural diffusion, Marginal man, Ethos.
7. 8.	Structure of Rural Society – patterns of rural settlement, Social institutions, Social organizations and ecological entities - Region, Community, Neighbourhood, and Family.
9. 10.	Social Stratification – concept, functions, types, differences between class and caste system; Social Values – definition, values and norms, characteristics of values, functions.
11.	Migration – concept, factors influencing migration.
12. 13. 14.	Social Control – definition; Customs – conventions, folkways, mores, rituals, taboos; Social Interaction Process – definition, basic social processes.
15. 16.	Social Change – concept, theories, factors and indicators of social change. Social development
17.	Mid semester Examination.
18. 19.	Education – Psychology – Educational Psychology –definitions, importance in extension. Social Psychology – Definitions, importance in extension.
20. 21.	Basic principles of Human behaviour – Cognitive, affective, psychomotor domain
22. 23. 24. 25.	Perception – meaning, characteristics. Sensation, Attention Intelligence – concept, types, Intelligence - measurement, factors affecting intelligence;
26 27.	Personality – concept, types, Personality measurement- factors influencing personality
28. 29.	Teaching–Learning Process – Teaching – definition, meaning, Principles of teaching, steps in extension teaching.
30. 31.	Learning – definition, meaning, principles, Types of learning, learning situation.
32 33.	Motivation – concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (including selfless-service), intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, Techniques of motivation, importance of motivation in extension.
34.	Attitude – concept, factors influencing the development of attitudes.
Suggested Readings (Textbooks, Reviews, Journals) § Adivi Reddy, A. 2001. Extension Education, Sree Lakshmi Press, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh. § Chatterjee, S. 2000. Advanced Educational Psychology, Books & Allied (P) Ltd., Calcutta. § Chauhan, S.S. 2001. Advanced Educational Psychology, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. § Chitambar, J.B.1997. Introductory Rural Sociology, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi. § Dahama, O.P. and O.P. Bhatnagar. 2007. Education and Communication for Development, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. § Kundu, C.L and Tutoo, D.N. 2001. Educational Psychology, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. § Lester Crow, D and Alice Crow. 1973. Educational Psychology, Eurasia Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. § Madumita Gupta. 2011. Fundamentals of Sociology, Pacific Publications, New Delhi. § Mangal, S.K. 2000. Educational Psychology, Prakash Brothers, Ludhiana. § Shankar Rao, C.N. 2012. Sociology – Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social Thought, S.Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. § Sharma, R.N. 1968. Principles of Sociology, Asia Publishing House, New Delhi. § Supe. S.V. 2012. Text book of Extension Education, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur. § Usha Rao. 2008. Advanced Educational Psychology, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi. § Vidya Bhushan and Sachdeva, D.R. 2003. An Introduction to Sociology, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.

Journals Indian Journal of Social Research Journal of Rural Development Journal of Social Sciences Journal of Advances in Social Work Journal of Asian Social Sciences Journal of Social Sciences and Research Journal of Current Research in Social Psychology Journal of Rural Sociology Journal of Extension Education - Coimbatore

Web resources www.sociologyguide.com eu.wikipedia.org www.princeton.edu

2017- ICAR Syllabus

ENG. 102 - DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION (0+1)

(Alternate course for non-Tamil students)

Aim: To impart the students

Ø Basic principles of learning

Ø Taxonomy of education

Ø Career development and entrepreneurship

Ø Communication skills

Unit I – Basic principles of learning

Basic principles of learning - discussion - Bloom’s classification of educational objectives – cognitive, affective, psychomotor domain(s) - teaching and learning.

Unit II – Career development

Career development – growth and development, education – for – life and life – long education, motivation and morale - occupation and profession, training and education, lateral thinking and convergent thinking.

Unit III – Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneur- intrapreneur – managing an intrapreneur – motivation and entrepreneurship -

development – planning, monitoring and evaluation.

Unit IV- Communication skills

Interpersonal communication – transactional communication - role – play - brainstorming – demonstration -the conduct of symposium - conferencing – the concept and presentation of a paper - scientific article writing and editing - popular article writing, editing and blogging -project proposal -project report – writing.

Unit V- Simulation exercises

Simulation - educational simulation-Interactive teaching - business simulation – company’s annual report for analysis.

Lecture Schedule

1. Basic principles of learning - binary terms viz., growth and development, education – for – life and life – long education, motivation and morale .

2. Occupation and profession, training and education, lateral thinking and convergent thinking, teaching and learning – discussion.

3. Bloom’s classification of educational objectives – cognitive, affective, psychomotor domain(s)

4. Career development – opportunity for graduates of agriculture and allied sciences – discussion

5. Success story of a farmer / entrepreneur – factors involved – role – play.

6. Brainstorming – demonstration.

7. Simulation – Educational Simulation-Interactive Teaching - Business Simulation –Company’s annual report for analysis

8. Interpersonal communication – Transactional communication – ice breaker

9. MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION

10. The conduct of a symposium

11. Conferencing – the concept and presentation of a paper

12. Scientific Article Writing and Editing

13. Popular Article Writing, Editing and Blogging

14. Project proposal

15. Project Report – writing

16. Entrepreneur – intrapreneur – Managing an intrapreneur – motivation and entrepreneurship development – planning, monitoring and evaluation.

17. FINAL PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

Outcome:

Ø Understand the concepts of learning,

Ø The necessity for Lifelong education,

Ø Communication skills in terms of career development

Text book:

1. Sudarsanam.R 1985. “Development Education” Chapter 1,2

2. Krishna Mohan and Meera Banerji, (1990). “Developing Communication Skills”, Macmillan Pub. Co., Ch.6,9,10,13 and 15.

e-books:

URL : http://www.e-booksdirectory.com/details.php?ebook=9481

References

Bloom,B.S.Hastings J.T. and Maduas J.F, Handbook on Formative and Summative Evaluation of Student Learning, Mc Graw Hill Pub, New York, 1971.

Day, A Robert, How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, CUP, 1993.

Hariharan.S. Brainstorming and Interactive Learning, Research Quarterly, ADU, Coimbatore, 1995.

Mathew.M. Monipally. The craft of Business Letter Writing, Tata McGraw Hill Pup., Ch. 10 & Appendix – I, 1997.

Seely John, Communicating in Everyday Life, The Oxford Guide to Writing and Speaking, OUP. P.1-79, 1988.

Sudarsanam.R. Development Education, Chapter 1,2, 1985.

Taneja.R.P, Dictionary of Education, Anmol Pub., New Delhi, India, 1991.

Wallace, L.Michael, Study Skills in English, CUP Unit.4, 1998.

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B.Sc(Agriculture) -2017 Syllabus

II Semester

SWE 112 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING1+1

Scope

To gain knowledge and skills on measurement of land, surveying and leveling, different irrigation methods, pumping of water, soil and water engineering concepts

Objective

To impart the basics of soil and water conservation engineering to the undergraduate students

Syllabus

Theory

Unit I Surveying

Surveying and levelling – chain, compass and plane table survey – levelling – land measurement and computation of area – Simpson’s rule and Trapezoidal rule.

Unit II Soil erosion

Soil Erosion – causes and evil effects of soil erosion – geologic and accelerated erosion - water erosion - causes - erosivity and erodibility – stages of water erosion - splash, sheet, rill and gully erosion - ravines - land slides – wind erosion - factors influencing wind erosion - mechanics of wind erosion – suspension, saltation, surface creep

Unit III Soil conservation and watershed management

Erosion control measures for agricultural lands – biological measures – contour cultivation – strip cropping – cropping systems – vegetative barriers - windbreaks and shelterbelts - shifting cultivation - mechanical measures – contour bund – graded bund – broad beds and furrows – basin listing – random tie ridging – mechanical measures for hill slopes – contour trench – bench terrace – contour stone wall – Rain water harvesting – insitu soil moisture conservation – Runoff Computation - runoff water harvesting –– Farm ponds and percolation ponds - storage and its use for domestic and ground water recharge. Gully control structures -Check dams – Temporary and permanent. Watershed concept – Integrated approach and management

Unit IV Irrigation and drainage

Irrigation - measurement of flow in open channels - velocity area method - rectangular weir - Cippoletti weir - V notch - orifices - Parshall flume - duty of water - irrigation efficiencies - conveyance of irrigation water - canal lining - underground pipe line system - surface irrigation methods - borders, furrows and check basins - drip and sprinkler irrigation– agricultural drainage - surface and sub-surface drainage systems - drainage coefficient

Unit V Wells and Pumps

Types of wells and sizes – pump types – reciprocating pumps – centrifugal pumps – turbine pumps – submersible pumps – jet pumps – airlift pumps

Practical

Study of survey instruments - chains and cross staff surveying - linear measurement - plotting and finding areas. Compass survey - observation of bearings - computation of angles- radiation, intersection. Levelling – fly levels – determination of difference in elevation.– Computation of area and volume - Contouring. Design of contour bund and graded bund. Visit to CSWCRTI, Ooty. Drip systems and Sprinkler irrigation systems. Problems on water measurement. Problems on duty of water, irrigation efficiencies. Problems on water requirement - agricultural drainage. Study of different types of wells and its selection. Study of pumps and its selection.

Lecture schedule

1. Introduction - land surveying - uses in agriculture - Chain cross staff and compass surveying - computation of angles.

2. Dumpy level - setting, observation and tabulation of readings - computation of land slope - difference in elevation.

3. Computation of area and volume – Simpson’s rule and Trapezoidal rule.

4. Soil Erosion – causes and evil effects of soil erosion – geologic and accelerated erosion

5. Water erosion - causes - erosivity and erodibility – Stages of water erosion - Splash, sheet, rill and gully erosion - ravines - land slides

6. Wind erosion - factors influencing wind erosion - mechanics of wind erosion – suspension, saltation, surface creep - Effects of water and wind erosion

7. Erosion control measures for agricultural lands – biological measures – contour cultivation – strip cropping - Cropping systems – vegetative barriers - Windbreaks and shelterbelts - shifting cultivation –

8. Mechanical measures – contour bund – graded bund - Broad beds and furrows – basin listing – random tie ridging - Mechanical measures for hill slopes – contour trench – bench terrace – contour stone wall

9. Mid semester examination.

10. Rain water harvesting – insitu soil moisture conservation – Runoff Computation - runoff water harvesting - Farm ponds and percolation ponds - storage and its use for domestic and ground water recharge

11. Gully control structures -Check dams – Temporary and permanent - Watershed concept – Integrated approach and management

12. Irrigation - measurement of flow in open channels - velocity area method - Rectangular weir - Cippoletti weir - V notch - Orifices - Parshall flume

13. Duty of water - irrigation efficiencies - Conveyance of irrigation water - canal lining - Underground pipe line system

14. Surface irrigation methods - borders, furrows and check basins

15. Components of drip and sprinkler irrigation system

16. Agricultural drainage – need – surface and subsurface drainage systems - drainage coefficient

17. Types of wells and sizes - Pump types – reciprocating pumps – centrifugal pumps - Turbine pumps – submersible pumps - Jet pumps – Airlift pumps

Practical schedule

1. Study of survey instruments - chains - compass - plane table - dumpy level.

2. Chains and cross staff surveying - linear measurement - plotting and finding areas.

3. Compass survey - observation of bearings - computation of angles.

4. Compass - radiation, intersection.

5. Levelling – fly levels – determination of difference in elevation.

6. Computation of area

7. Computation of volume - Contouring

8. Design of contour bund and graded bund.

9. Visit to soil and water conservation areas.

10. Design of drip Irrigation systems.

11. Design of sprinkler irrigation system

12. Problems on water measurement.

13. Problems on duty of water, irrigation efficiencies.

14. Problems on water requirement - agricultural drainage.

15. Study of different types of wells and its selection.

16. Study of pumps and Selection of pumps.

17. Practical examination.

Text books

1. Basak, N.N. 2008. Surveying and Levelling. 25th reprint. Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company Ltd

2. Michael, A.M. and Ojha, T.P. 2008. Irrigation Theory and Practice. Second Edition. Vikas Publication House, New Delhi

e- References

• http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105107122/13

• http://soilwater.okstate.edu/courses/lectures-powerpoint

CRP 101 Fundamentals of Crop Physiology (2+1)

Aim

To impart basic knowledge on various functions and processes related to crop production, mineral nutrition, plant growth regulators and environmental stresses.

Theory

Unit І

Introduction to Crop Physiology and importance of Crop Physiology in Agriculture – Plant cell: an overview, organelles- plasma membrane, chloroplast, mitochondria, peroxisome and vacuole, Structure and role of water, water potential and its components, diffusion and osmosis; imbibition, plasmolysis, Field Capacity and Permanent Wilting Point, Absorption of water, Mechanisms of water absorption, Pathways of water movement, Apoplast and symplast, Translocation of water, ascent of sap and its mechanisms - Transpiration and Stomatal physiology: structure of stomatal pore, mechanisms of stomatal opening and closing, guttation, antitranspirants.

Unit ІІ

Mineral nutrition of plants: Criteria of essentiality, classification of nutrients, macro, micro, mobile, immobile and beneficial elements, Physiological functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients, nutrient uptake mechanism; Hidden hunger, Foliar nutrition, root feeding and fertigation, sand culture, hydroponics and aeroponics.

Unit ІІІ

Photosynthesis: Light and dark reactions, Photosystems, red drop and Emerson enhancement effect, Photolysis of water and photophosphorylation, Z scheme, C3, C4 and CAM plants; Photosynthetic pathways of C3, C4 and CAM plants, difference between three pathways, Factors affecting photosynthesis, Photorespiration – pathway and its significance, Phloem transport, Munch hypothesis, Phloem loading and unloading, Source and sink strength and their manipulations. Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron transport chain; Oxidative phosphorylation – difference between photo and oxidative phosphorylation –- energy budgeting - respiratory quotient. Fat metabolism: fatty acid synthesis and breakdown.

Unit ІV

Plant growth regulators: physiological roles and agricultural uses, Hormones- classifications - Biosynthetic pathway and role of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and ABA, Novel and new generation PGRs, Brassinosteroids and salicylic acid, Growth retardants, Commercial uses of PGRs. Photoperiodism - short, long and day neutral plants, Chailakhyan’s theory of flowering, Forms of phytochrome, Pr and Pfr, regulation of flowering, Vernalisation - Theories of vernalisation, Lysenko theories, Seed germination - physiological and biochemical changes, seed dormancy and breaking methods, Senescence and abscission, physiological and biochemical changes, Physiology of fruit ripening, climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, factors affecting ripening, Manipulations. Physiological aspects of growth and development of major crops: growth analysis, role of physiological growth parameters in crop productivity.

Unit V

Classification of stresses - Physiological changes and adaptations to drought, flooding, high and low temperature, salinity and UV radiation – compatible osmolytes – membrane properties - compartmentalization – stress alleviation - Global warming – green house gases – physiological effects on crops - Carbon Sequestration.

Practicals

Study of plant cells, structure and distribution of stomata, imbibition, osmosis, plasmolysis, measurement of root pressure, rate of transpiration, Separation of photosynthetic pigments through paper chromatography, Rate of transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration, tissue test for mineral nutrients, estimation of relative water content, Measurement of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by Infra Red Gas Analyser (IRGA).

Theory lecture schedule

1. Introduction and importance of Crop Physiology in Agriculture, an over view of Plant cell.

2. Structure and role of water –water potential and its components – Diffusion – Osmosis – imbibition – Plasmolysis - Field Capacity and Permanent Wilting Point

3. Mechanisms of water absorption – Pathways of water movement – Apoplast and symplast

4. Translocation of water – ascent of sap – mechanisms of xylem transport

5. Transpiration – significance – Stomatal physiology: structure of stomata with mechanisms of stomatal opening and closing – guttation - antitranspirants

6. Mineral nutrition of plants – criteria of essentiality - classification of nutrients – macro, micro, mobile and immobile – beneficial elements, mechanism of nutrient uptake

7. Physiological functions and disorders of macronutrients, Hidden hunger

8. Physiological functions and disorders of micronutrients

9. Foliar nutrition- root feeding and fertigation – sand culture, hydroponics and aeroponics

10. Light reaction of photosynthesis – photolysis of water and photophosphorylation - Z scheme

11. Dark Reaction of photosynthesis - C3, C4 and CAM pathways and differences.

12. Factors affecting photosynthesis - Photorespiration – pathway and its significance

13. Phloem transport – Munch hypothesis - Phloem loading and unloading - Source and sink strength and their manipulations

14. Respiration - Glycolysis – TCA cycle.

15. Photo and oxidative phosphorylation - Electron transport chain - energy budgeting - respiratory quotient.

16. Fat metabolism: fatty acid synthesis and breakdown

17. Mid Semester Examination

18. Growth – phases of growth – factors affecting growth.

19. Hormones and plant growth regulators (PGR): physiological roles and agricultural uses - Biosynthetic pathway and role of auxins and gibberellins

20. Plant growth regulators (PGR): physiological roles and agricultural uses - Biosynthetic pathway and role of cytokinin, ethylene and ABA

21. Novel growth regulators viz., Brassinosteroids and salicylic acid – New Generation PGRs - Growth retardants and inhibitors -commercial uses of PGRs

22. Photoperiodism - short, long and day neutral plants – Chailakhyan’s theory of flowering

23. Forms of phytochrome - Pr and Pfr - regulation of flowering

24. Vernalisation - theories of vernalisation – Lysenko and Hormonal theories – devernalization

25. Physiological aspects of growth and development of major crops

26. Growth analysis – role of physiological growth parameters in crop productivity

27. Seed germination - physiological and biochemical changes - seed dormancy and breaking methods

28. Senescence and abscission – physiological and biochemical changes

29. Physiology of fruit ripening- climacteric and non climacteric fruits - factors affecting ripening and manipulations

30. Drought - physiological changes - adaptation – compatible osmolytes - alleviation

31. High and low temperature stress – physiological changes - membrane properties - adaptation

32. Salt stress - physiological changes - adaptation – compartmentalization - alleviation

33. Flooding and UV radiation stresses – physiological changes - adaptation

34. Global warming – green house gases –-physiological effects on crop productivity- Carbon Sequestration

Practical schedule

1. Preparation of solutions

2. Study of leaf epidermal, xylem and phloem cells

3. Determination of stomatal index and stomatal frequency

4. Measurement of plant water potential

5. Measurement of water imbibition by seed mass test

6. Estimation of photosynthetic pigments

7. Determination of photosynthetic efficiency in crops

8. Measurement of transpiration and photosynthesis by IRGA

9. Diagnosis of nutritional and physiological disorders in crops

10. Rapid tissue test for mineral nutrients

11. Estimation of relative water content

12. Measurement of osmosis and plasmolysis

13. Growth Analysis

14. Bioassay for gibberellin and cytokinin

15. Estimation of chlorophyll stability index

16. Estimation of proline content

17. Final Practical Examination

Outcome

Students will acquire basic knowledge on various functions and processes related to crop production, mineral nutrition, plant growth regulators and environmental stresses. In addition, hands on exposure to preparation of solutions, analysis of pigment composition, estimation of growth analytical parameters, diagnosis and correction of nutrient deficiencies, enzyme assays and demonstration of plant growth regulator applications.

Text books

1. Salisbury F.B. and C.W.Ross., 1992 (Fourth Edition). Plant Physiology. Publishers: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California, USA.

2. Boominathan P., R. Sivakumar, A. Senthil, and D. Vijayalakshmi. 2014. Introduction to Plant Physiology, A.E. Publications. Coimbatore

3. Jain, V.K. 2007. Fundamentals of plant physiology, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Taiz. L. and Zeiger. E., 2015 (Sixth edition). Plant Physiology and Development. Publishers: Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts, USA.

e- books and e-references

• http://www.plantphys.org

• http://www. Biologie. Uni-hamburg. de/b-online

• http://6e.plantphys.net

AEC 102 Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics (1+1)

Objective

This course aims to introduce the basic principles of economics including the problem of agricultural economics decision - making, laws of economics and macroeconomic concepts.

Theory

Unit 1: Nature and Scope of Economics

Economics: Meaning, scope and subject matter, definitions, activities, approaches to economic analysis; micro and macroeconomics, positive and normative analysis. Nature of economic theory; rationality assumption, concept of equilibrium, economic laws as generalization of human behavior. Basic concepts: Goods and services, classification and characteristics, desire, want - meaning and characteristics, demand, utility, cost and price, wealth, capital, income and welfare. Agricultural economics: meaning, definition, characteristics of agriculture, importance and its role in economic development. Agricultural planning and development in the country.

Unit 2: Theory of Consumption

Demand: meaning, kinds of demand, law of demand, demand schedule and demand curve, determinants; Utility theory - cardinal and ordinal utility; law of diminishing marginal utility, equi-marginal utility principle, Indifference curve analysis and properties - budget line: definition, assumptions, limitations and applications - consumer’s equilibrium and derivation of demand curve. Concept of consumer surplus and its importance. Elasticity of demand: concept and measurement of price elasticity, income elasticity and cross elasticity. Factors influencing elasticity of demand - Importance of elasticity of demand – Standard of Living: Definition, Engel’s Law of Family Expenditure.

Unit 3: Theory of Production

Production: process, creation of utility, factors of production definition and characteristics - Input Output Relationship. Laws of returns: Law of variable proportions and Law of returns to scale. Cost: Cost concepts, short run and long run cost curves. Supply: Stock versus supply, law of supply, supply schedule, supply curve, determinants of supply, elasticity of supply.

Unit 4: Exchange and Theory of Distribution

Market structure: meaning and types of market, basic features of perfectly competitive and imperfect markets. Price determination under perfect competition; short run and long run equilibrium of firm and industry, shut down and break even points. Distribution theory: meaning, factor market and pricing of factors of production - Concepts of Rent and Quasi rent - Wages: Real wage and money wage - Interest: Pure interest and gross interest – Profit: Meaning of economic profit.

Unit 5: Macroeconomic Concepts

National income: Meaning and importance, circular flow, concepts of national income - accounting and approaches to measurement, difficulties in measurement. Population: Importance, Malthusian and Optimum population theories, natural and socio-economic determinants, current policies and programmes on population control. Money: Barter system of exchange and its problems, evolution, meaning and functions of money, classification of money, money supply, general price index, inflation and deflation. Banking: Role in modern economy, types of banks, functions of commercial and central bank, credit creation policy. Agricultural and public finance: meaning, micro versus macro finance, need for agricultural finance, public revenue and public expenditure. Tax: meaning, direct and indirect taxes, agricultural taxation, VAT and GST. Economic systems: Concepts of economy and its functions, important features of capitalistic, socialistic and mixed economies, elements of economic planning.

Practical

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility - Law of Equi-Marginal Utility - Indifference Curve analysis - consumer equilibrium; Individual and market demand- Measurement of Arc and Point elasticities of demand - own price, income and cross price elasticities of demand – Estimation of Consumer surplus – Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns: Relationship among TPP, APP and MPP - Cost concepts and graphical derivation of cost curves - Estimation of total revenue and profit- Producer surplus - Supply elasticity – Exchange: Market Structure and Price determination – Computation of National Income – Study of structural changes in the economy - Estimation of Growth Rate - Money: Quantity theory of money - Measures of standard of living – Indices of human development.

References

1. Dewett, K. K. 2004. Modern Economic Theory, Syamlal Charitable Trust, New Delhi.

2. Samuelson, P. 2004. Economics, (18/e), Tata Mc-graw-Hill, New Delhi

3. Seth, M. L. 2005.Principles of Economics, Lakshmi Narain Agarwal Co., Agra. New Delhi.

Theory Schedule

1. Economics: Meaning, scope and subject matter, definitions, activities, approaches to economic analysis; micro and macroeconomics, positive and normative analysis.

2. Nature of economic theory; rationality assumption, concept of equilibrium, economic laws as generalization of human behavior. Basic concepts: Goods and services - classification and characteristics, desire, want – meaning and characteristics, demand, utility, cost and price, wealth, capital, income and welfare.

3. Agricultural economics: meaning, definition, characteristics of agriculture, importance and its role in economic development. Agricultural planning and development in the country.

4. Demand: meaning, kinds of demand, law of demand, demand schedule and demand curve, determinants.

5. Utility theory - cardinal and ordinal utility; law of diminishing marginal utility, equi-marginal utility principle, Indifference curve analysis and properties - budget line - definition, assumptions, limitations and applications.

6. Consumer’s equilibrium and derivation of demand curve, concept of consumer surplus and its importance.

7. Elasticity of demand: concept and measurement of price elasticity, income elasticity and cross elasticity. Factors influencing elasticity of demand, Importance of elasticity of demand. Standard of Living: Definition, Engel’s Law of Family Expenditure.

8. Production: process, creation of utility, factors of production definition and characteristics - Input Output Relationship.

9. Mid Semester Examination

10. Laws of returns: Law of variable proportions and law of returns to scale. Cost: Cost concepts, short run and long run cost curves.

11. Supply: Stock versus supply, law of supply, supply schedule, supply curve, determinants of supply, elasticity of supply.

12. Market structure: meaning and types of market, basic features of perfectly competitive and imperfect markets. Price determination under perfect competition; short run and long run equilibrium of firm and industry, shut down and break even points.

13. Distribution theory: meaning, factor market and pricing of factors of production. - Concepts of Rent and Quasi rent - Wages: Real wage and money wage - Interest: Pure interest and gross interest – Profit: Meaning of economic profit.

14. National income: Meaning and importance, circular flow, concepts of national income - accounting and approaches to measurement, difficulties in measurement.

15. Population: Importance, Malthusian and Optimum population theories, natural and socio-economic determinants, current policies and programmes on population control.

16. Money: Barter system of exchange and its problems, evolution, meaning and functions of money, classification of money, money supply, general price index, inflation and deflation. Banking: Role in modern economy, types of banks, functions of commercial and central bank, credit creation policy.

17. Agricultural and public finance: meaning, micro versus macro finance, need for agricultural finance, public revenue and public expenditure. Tax: meaning, direct and indirect taxes, agricultural taxation, VAT and GST. Economic systems: Concepts of economy and its functions, important features of capitalistic, socialistic and mixed economies, elements of economic planning.

Practical Schedule

1. Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.

2. Law of Equi - Marginal Utility.

3. Indifference Curve analysis - Properties, budget line and consumer equilibrium.

4. Individual and market demand - Graphical derivation of individual and market demand.

5. Measurement of Arc and Point elasticities of demand - own price, income and cross price elasticities of demand.

6. Estimation of Consumer surplus.

7. Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns: Relationship among TPP, APP and MPP.

8. Cost concepts and graphical derivation of cost curves.

9. Estimation of total revenue and profit.

10. Estimation of Producer surplus.

11. Estimation of Supply elasticity.

12. Exchange: Market Structure and Price determination.

13. Computation of National Income – Analysis of Trends in National Income - Study of structural changes in the economy.

14. Estimation of Growth rate of population and Food grain production.

15. Money: Quantity theory of money.

16. Measures of standard of living – Human Development Index – Physical Quality of Life Index – Gender Development Index.

17. Final Practical Examination.

AGM 101 Fundamentals of Microbiology (2+1)

Theory

Unit I. Introduction

Definition and scope of Microbiology. Milestones in Microbiology; biogenesis and abiogenesis theory; contributions of Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, John Tyndall, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Alexander Fleming and Waksman. Germ theory of diseases and fermentation.

Unit II. Microbiological Techniques

General principles of light microscopy ‐ magnification, resolving power and numerical aperture.Different types of light and electron microscopes; three dimensional imaging - Atomic force and Confocal scanning laser microscopy.Staining techniques - principle and types of stains; simple, negative, differential and structural staining.Sterilization and disinfection techniques; principles and methods of sterilization ‐ physical methods – heat, filters and radiation; chemical methods.Isolation, enrichment and purification techniques of bacteria, yeast, molds and actinobacteria.Preservation of microbial cultures.

Unit III. Microbial World

Evolutionary relationship among the living organisms.Whittaker’s five kingdom concept of living organism and Carl Woese systems.Procaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.Three domains of life – similarities and differences; Modern approach to the bacterial systematics.Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Bacteria - bacterial size, shape and arrangement; bacterial cell structure and function.Morphology of fungi and algae. General properties of viruses: different types; overview of bacteriophages; morphology of bacteriophages: Lytic and lysogenic cycles; lytic and temperate phages.

Unit IV. Microbial Growth and Metabolism

Bacterial growth- population growth- growth cycles of population; environment on growth – temperature, oxygen, pH and salts; nutritional classification – chemoautotrophy and photo autotroph. Energy generation in bacteria.Aerobic and anaerobic respiration and fermentation in bacteria.

Unit V. Microbial Genetics and Immunology

Central dogma of life. Genetic elements of bacteria; bacterial chromosomal DNA, plasmids, IS elements and transposons; Mutation ‐ types and mutagens. Genetic recombinations; transformation, transduction and conjugation.Genetic engineering – an introduction.Basic concepts of immunology – antigen – antibody reactions and vaccines.

Practical

Microbiological safety in the laboratory; introduction to microbiology laboratory and its equipments.Microscopes- handling with microscope.Micrometry.Methods of sterilizationand equipments used for sterilization. Nutritional media and their preparations.Enumeration of microbial population - bacteria, fungi and actinobacteria. Methods of purification and preservation of microbial cultures. Staining and microscopic observations; simple and differential staining ‐ spore staining.Measurement of bacterial growth. Identification of microorganisms - morphological identification of yeasts, molds and algae. Identification- cultural, physiological and biochemical tests for bacteria and actinobacteria..Isolation of bacteriophages.Isolation of mutants employing physical or chemical mutagens.

Theory schedule

1. Definition and scope of microbiology

2. Biogenesis and a biogenesis theory. Contributions by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek and Louis Pasteur

3. Contributions of John Tyndall, Joseph Lister, Edward Jenner, Robert Koch, Alexander Fleming and Waksman. Germ theory of fermentation and disease

4. Microscopy; principles – resolving power and magnification. Light microscopy

5. Different types of microscopes - UV, dark field, phase contrast and fluorescence

6. Electron microscopes; atomic and confocal scanning laser microscopy

7. Staining techniques - principle and types of stains ‐ staining techniques- simple, negative, differential and structural staining methods

8. Sterilization – principle – physical agents and chemical methods

9. Isolation and enrichment culture techniques; preservation techniques

10. Evolutionary relationship - position of microbes in living world – concepts and developments in classification of microorganisms

11. Groups of microorganisms ‐ prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Archaea – ecology; differences amongarchaea, eubacteria and eukaryotes

12. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology – outline only. Economic importance of bacteria

13. Bacteria- size, shape, structure and arrangement of cells

14. Bacteria - external and internal structures in bacteria and their functionality

15. Morphology and classification of fungi and economic importance

16. Morphology and classification of algae and economic importance

17. Viruses and their properties; bacteriophages – lytic and lysogenic and temperate phages

18. Mid Semester Examination

19. Reproduction in bacteria ‐ population growth and growth phases – generation time and specific growth rate

20. Batch and continuous culture – chemostat and turbidostat; synchronous culture. Diauxic growth curve.

21. Conditions for growth ‐ temperature requirements ‐ aerobes and anaerobes – other factors influencing growth; methods of assessment of growth.

22. Nutritional types of bacteria. Metabolic diversity in microbes.

23. Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

24. Fermentative mode of respiration

25. Oxygenic and anoxygenic mode of photosynthesis

26. Energy generation by substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative and photo phosphorylation

27. Genetic elements in bacteria – structure and functions of bacterial chromosome and plasmid and transposons

28. Mutation in bacteria – principles and types. Mutagens – physical, chemical and biological

29. Genetic recombination – competency ‐ transformation

30. Genetic recombination by Conjugation – concept of Hfr

31. Genetic recombination by Transduction – generalized and specialized

32. Microorganisms as tools in genetic engineering

33. Immunology – principles – specific and non‐specific defense

34. Antigen – antibody reactions – vaccines ‐ applications

Practical schedule

1. Safety in Microbiology laboratory. Microscopes – handling light microscope

2. Micrometry‐measurement of microorganisms

3. Aseptic techniques – working with equipment and apparatus

4. Preparation of growth media for bacteria, yeast, molds and actinobacteria

5. Isolation of microorganisms by serial dilution and plating technique

6. Purification of bacteria and actinobacteria

7. Purification of yeasts and molds

8. Preservation of bacteria, fungi and actinobacteria

9. Staining techniques ‐ positive and negative staining

10. Differential staining ‐ Gram staining

11. Turbidometric assessment of growth of bacteria

12. Morphological characteristics of bacteria and actinobacteria

13. Biochemical characteristics of bacteria and actinobacteria

14. Identification of yeasts, molds and algae - morphological characterization

15. Isolation of bacteriophages

16. Isolation of bacterial mutants by UV iiradiation / chemical mutagenesis

17. Practical Examination

Text Books

1. Michael T. Madigan ,‎ Kelly S. Bender Daniel H. Buckley ,‎ W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl 2017. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 15th edition

2. ebook.:Prescott, Harley and Klein, 2013. Microbiology, 9 th edition, McGraw Hill Publishing

3. ebook: Michael J. Leboffee and Burton E.Pierce 2011. A photographic Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory 4th edition, Marton Publishing Company

Reference Books

1. Hans G. Schlegel, 2012. General Microbiology, 7 th edition

2. Ronald M. Atlas, 1997. Principles of Microbiology, Second edition

3. Tortora, G.J., B.R.Funke and C.L. Case, 2009. Microbiology- An Introduction, 9 th edition

4. Stanier, R.Y., Adelberg, E.A. and Ingram, J.L. (1991). General Microbiology, 5th Ed., Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Web pages

http://www.microbes.info

http://aem.asm.org

http://microbelibrary.com

http://www.rapidmicrobiology.com

AEX 102 Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education (2+1)

Objective:

This course intends to expose students to the fundamentals of extension education, extension systems in India, programme planning and rural development efforts, extension administration. To impart knowledge to the students on different extension methods and approaches used for transfer of agricultural technology. The course will also provide an opportunity to students to visit different organizations involved in extension activities and rural development work. To enable them to develop practical skills on preparation of different extension teaching methods.

Theory

Unit I Extension education and programme planning

Education- meaning, definition & types; extension education –meaning, definition, scope and process; objectives and principles of extension education. Programme planning – definition, meaning, process, principles and steps in programme development

Unit II Extension System In India

Extension efforts in pre-independence era (Sriniketan, Marthandam, Firka Development scheme, Gurgaon Experiment, etc.) Post – independence era (Etawah pilot project, Nilokheri Experiment, etc.,) Various extension/ agricultural development programmes launched by ICAR/Govt. of India(IADP, IAAP, HYVP,KVK, ORP, ND, NATP, NAIP etc., )

Unit III Rural Development, Administration, monitoring and evaluation

Rural Development –Concept, meaning, definition: various rural development programmes launched by Govt. of India. Community development –meaning, definition, concepts and principles, physiology of community development. Rural leadership: concept and definition, types of leaders in rural context: extension administration: meaning, concept, principles and functions. Monitoring and evaluation: concept and definition, monitoring and evaluation of extension programmes

Unit IV New Trends in Agricultural Extension

New trends in agricultural extension –Privatization of extension, Cyber extension/ E-extension, (Internet, cyber cafes, video and teleconferencing, Interactive Multimedia Compact disk (IMCD), Agri portals, Information Kiosks, Kisan Call Centre (KCC), Mobile phone, Village Knowledge Centre (VKC), DEMIC, Geographical Information System (GIS), market led extension, farmer led extension, expert systems etc.,

Unit V Transfer of Technology, Diffusion of Innovations and extension methods

Transfer of technology concept, models, capacity building of extension personnel, extension teaching methods: meaning, classification, individual, group and mass contact methods, media mix strategies: communication: meaning, definition, models elements, characteristics and barriers to communication Agricultural Journalism: Agricultural journalism (Print media) - definition, principles, importance, ABC of news, types of news. Diffusion of Innovations – definition, elements; Innovation – definition, attributes; Adoption – meaning, steps in adoption process, adopter categories, factors influencing adoption of innovations; process and stages of adoption, adopter categories.

Practical

To get acquainted with university extension system, group discussion- exercise, handling and use of audio visual equipments and digital camera and LCD projector: preparation and use of AV aids, preparation of extension literature-leaflet, booklet, folder, pamphlet newstories and success stories, Presentation skills exercise: micro teaching exercise: A visit to village to understand the problems being encountered by the villagers/ farmers : to study organization and functioning of DRDA and other development departments at district level: visit to NGO and learning from their experience in rural development: understanding PRA techniques and their application in village development planning: exposure to mass media; visit to community radio and television studio for understanding the process of programme production: Script writing, writing for print and electronic media, developing script for radio and television.

Theory Schedule

1. Education- meaning, definition and types; Extension education – meaning, definition, scope and process; objectives and principles and function of extension education.

2. Programme planning – definition, meaning, process, principles and steps in programme planning / development

3. Extension efforts in pre-independence era (IVP, Sriniketan, Marthandam, Firka Development scheme, Sevagram, Gurgaon Experiment, Baroda Village Reconstruction Project Grow more Food

Campaign, IVS , Firka Vikas Yojana etc.) Post – independence era (Etawah pilot project, Nilokheri Experiment,

4. Extension/ agricultural development programmes launched by ICAR/Govt. of India ICAR Programmes – National demonstration, ORP, Lap to Land Programme, FTC.,

5. Extension programmes of Ministry of Agriculture – Training and Visit (T&V) System, Broad Based Extension System (BBES), Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA); Firstline

Extension System – KVK, IVLP, ATIC, Frontline demonstrations.

6. Rural Development – meaning, definition, concept and importance. Rural Development in India. Democratic Decentralization –Meaning of Democratic Decentralization and Panchayat Raj – Three tiers

of Panchayat Raj system – Powers, Functions and Organizational setup.

7. Community Development Programme (CDP), National Extension Service (NES), Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP), Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) - their strengths and

weaknesses

8. High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP), Institution Village Linkage Programme (IVLP), Watershed Development Programme (WDP), Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) - their

strengths and weaknesses.

9. National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP), Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA), Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA), Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers

Development Agency (MFAL) - their strengths and weaknesses

10. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP), Rural landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Command Area Development Programme

(CADP), Food for Work Programme (FFW), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS),

11. Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Prime Minister Employment Yojana (PMEY), Swarna Jayanthi Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), Pradhan Mantri Gram

Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) , ARYA -their strengths and weaknesses.

12 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA), National Agricultural

Innovation Project (NAIP), NADP (RKVY) - their strengths and weaknesses

13. Community development –meaning, definition, concepts and principles, physiology of community development

14 Rural leadership: concept and definition, types of leaders in rural context and selection of leaders.

15 Extension administration: meaning, concept, scope, principles and functions.

16. Monitoring and evaluation: concept and definition, monitoring and evaluation of extension programmes, types and evaluation

17 Mid semester Examination

18 New trends in agricultural extension -Privatization of Agricultural extension- Meaning- definition-importance in Agricultural Extension.

19. Cyber extension/ E-extension, (Internet, cyber cafes, video and teleconferencing, web streaming and multimedia.

20. Agri portals, Information Kiosks, Kisan Call Centre (KCC), Mobile phone, Village Knowledge Centre (VKC), DEMIC, Geographical Information System (GIS),

21 Market led extension, farmer led extension : Meaning, definition, challenges and importance in agricultural extension.

22 Expert systems –meaning, definition, application in agriculture.

23 Transfer of technology concept, models, PTD, FSRE.

24 Capacity building of extension personnel- Training- definition, need for training, training process, models , strategies, steps in conducting training programmes

25 Training need assessment, building up of training programme- trainer roles: training insituteion for extension personnel- KVK, EEI, MANAGE, NAARM.

26 Extension teaching methods: meaning, classification; Individual methods- Farm and Home, Personal letter, Official call, observation and Result demonstration

27 Group Contact- Method demonstration, meeting, lecture, debate, workshop, seminar, forum, conference, symposium, panel, brain storming, buzz session , role playing and simulation games.

28 Mass contact methods- Campaign, exhibition, farmers day and field trip- purpose procedure, merit and demerits and media mix strategies

29 Communication – meaning, definition, types, elements and characteristics

30 Communication models (Aristotle, Shanon-Weaver, Berlo, Schramm, Leagans, Rogers & Shoemaker) – elements and their characteristics; Barriers in communication

31 Agricultural Journalism: Agricultural journalism (Print media) - definition, principles, importance, ABC of news, types of news.

32 Diffusion of Innovations – definition, elements; Innovation – definition, attributes;

33 Adoption – meaning, steps in adoption process, stages, adopter categories, factors influencing adoption of innovations ;Consequences of innovations

34 Final Examination

Practical schedule

1. Visit to State department of Agri/ Horti to understand the organizational setup, roles, functions and various schemes.

2. Study the organizational set up and functions of DRDA.

3. Visit to NGO and learning from their experience in rural development

4. Visit to KVK to study the mandated activities

5. To study the ToT system of SAUs / Agricultural colleges

6. Exercise on practicing group discussion technique and presentation skills

7. Study on Art of Photography, Video techniques and preparing multimedia presentations and handling of AV aids and LCD projectors

8. Preparation of Posters, charts, leaflet, folder, booklet and Pamphlet

9. Preparation of news stories and success stories.

10. Exercise on practicing Art of Public Speaking (micro teaching skills)

11. To visit the village and understand the socio cultural and agricultural related problems being encountered by the villagers/ farmers

12. Practicing selected PRA techniques in a village setting

13. Visit to Community Radio/ Educational Media Centre to understand the process of programme production.

14. Exercise on Script writing for Radio and TV programme

15. Visit to All India Radio Station / TV to study the various activities & programmes.

16. Visit to the News Agency /TNAU press to study the process

17. Final Practical Exam

Suggested Readings (Textbooks, Reviews, Journals)

 Ahuja, B.N. 1997. Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, New Delhi.

 Benor Daniel, Q. James Harrison and Baxter Michael. 1984. Agricultural Extension – The Training and Visit System, A World Bank Publication, Washington, USA.

 Chauhan Nikulsinh. 2013. Use of ICTs in Agricultural Extension, Biotech Books.

 Gamble Dennis, Blunden, S. and Wallace, G. 2000. A Systematic Framework for understanding and Improving a Farming or Equine System, (AgPak SA 22), University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, NSW, Australia.

 Hough George, A. 2004. News Writing. Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi.

 Dahama, O.P and O.P. Bhatnagar. 1985. Education and Communication for Development, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

 Dipak de, Basavaprabhu Jirli. 2010. A Handbook of Extension Education, Agrobios, India.

 Katar Singh. 1999. Rural Development – Principles, Policies and Management, Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

 Kelsey, L.D and C.C. Hearne. 1967. Cooperative Extension Work, Cornell University Press, New York.

 Manoharan Muthiah, P. and R. Arunachalam. 2003. Agricultural Extension, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.

 Narayanasamy, N. 2009. Participatory Rural Appraisal Principles, Methods and Application, Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

 Neela Mukherjee. 1993. Participatory Rural Appraisal: Methodology and Applications, Concept Publishing Co.

 Pandey, B.K. 2005. Rural Development, ISHA Books, New Delhi.

 Pandey, V.C. 2003. Information Communication Technology and Education (The Changing World ICT Governance), Isha Publishers.

 Ray, G.L. 1999. Extension Communication and Management, Naya Prokash, 206, Bidhan Sarani, Calcutta.

 Reddy Adivi, A. 1993. Extension Education, Shree Lakshmi Press, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh.

 Rishipal. 2011. Training and Development Methods, S.Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

 Rogers, E.M. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations, The Free Press, New York.

 Sagar Mondal and Ray, G.L. 2007. Text book of Rural Development, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

 Sandhu, A.S. 1996. Agricultural Communication: Process and Methods, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

 Sandhu, A.S. 1996. Extension Programme Planning, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

 Sanjay Prakash Sharma. 2006. Panchayat Raj, Vista International Publishing House, New Delhi.

 Singh, A.K. 2012. Agricultural Extension, Agrobios, New Delhi.

 Sivasudevaro, B and Rajannikanthu, G. 2007. Rural Development and Entrepreneurship Development, The Associated Publications, Ambala.

 Supe, S.V. 1997. An Introduction to Extension Education, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

 Van den Ban, A.W and H.S. Hawkins. 2002. Agricultural Extension, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

Journals

 International Journal of Extension Education

 Indian Journal of Extension Education

 Journal of Extension Education – Coimbatore

 Journal of Extension Education – Bhubaneshwar

 Rajasthan Journal of Extension Education

 The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension

 Journal of Agricultural Extension Management

 Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension

 Indian Journal of Gender Studies

 Indian Research Journal of Extension Education

 Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development

 Indian Journal of Social Sciences

 Agricultural Extension Review

 Journal of Extension Education - Coimbatore

 Journal of Rural Development

 Yojana

Web resources

 rural.nic.in

 www.panchayat .gov.in

 wcd.nic.in

 moud.nic.in

 mhupa.gov.in

 www.i4d.com

 www.panasia.org

 www.joe.org

FSN 111 Principles of Food Science and Nutrition (1+1)

Theory

Unit I: Principles of Food Science and Nutrition

Food Science - definition – classification of foods – functional and nutritional classification. Food groups and food pyramid. Methods of cooking - moist, dry and microwave - principles, merits and demerits. Importance and scope of nutrition – relation of nutrition to health.

Unit -II: Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat

Carbohydrate – classification, functions, digestion and absorption, sources and Recommended Dietary allowance (RDA). Energy value of foods – determination. Protein – classification, functions digestion and absorption, sources and requirements. Protein quality of foods – supplementary value of protein. Fat - classification functions, digestion and absorption, sources and requirements. Rancidity – types of rancidity and prevention. Deficiency states of protein, carbohydrate and fat nutrition – signs and symptoms.

Unit III: Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition

Fat Soluble vitamins – A, D, E and K- functions, sources, requirements and deficiency. Water soluble vitamins – thiamine , riboflavin , niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, cyanacobalamin, biotin, pantothenic acid ascorbic acid – functions, sources, deficiency and requirements. Minerals - calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium, fluorine and chlorine – functions, sources, deficiency and requirements. Importance of water – maintenance of electrolyte balance. Dietary fibre - importance, health benefits, sources and requirements.

Unit IV: Food Preservation and Processing

Introduction – preservation by sugar - processing of jam, squash, jelly, marmalade and beverages. Preservation by using salt, chemicals, dehydration technology, canning technology, preservation by low temperature and irradiation techniques. Processing of puffed, flaked and extruded products. Quality control of raw and processed products.

Unit V: Food Quality and Safety

Food packaging materials – requirements – methods – nutrition labeling. Food adulterants and their detection methods. Food laws and regulations and quality control standards - FSSAI, ISO, EU standards, FDA, HACCP and Codex Alimentarius Commission.

Practical

Determination of energy value of Foods, cooking quality tests – cereals and pulses. Estimation of moisture, protein and fat. Processing of jam, jelly, squash, ready to serve beverages (RTS). Preparation of flaked, puffed and extruded products. Visit to food industries and quality control laboratory.

Theory Schedule

1. Food Science – definition, scope and classification, food pyramid.

2. Methods, merits and demerits of moist heat, dry heat and microwave cooking of foods.

3. Importance and scope of nutrition and the relation of nutrition to health.

4. Carbohydrate – classification, functions, digestion and absorption, deficiency symptoms, sources and requirements.

5. Protein – classification, functions, digestion and absorption, deficiency symptoms, sources and requirements. Protein quality – supplementary value of protein.

6. Fat - classification, functions, digestion and absorption, deficiency symptoms, sources and requirements. Rancidity – types. Determination of energy value of foods.

7. Fat soluble vitamins – A, D, E and K – functions, deficiency symptoms, sources and requirements.

8. Water soluble vitamins - thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, cyanacobalamin, biotin, pantothenic acid, ascorbic acid – functions, deficiency symptoms, sources and requirements.

9. Mid Semester Examination

10. Minerals – calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium, fluorine and chlorine – functions, sources, requirements and deficiency diseases.

11. Importance of water and maintenance of electrolyte balance. Health benefits of fibre.

12. Preservation of food by low and high temperature and food irradiation.

13. Processing of puffed, flaked and extruded products

14. Preservation by using sugar (jam, jelly, squash and marmalade), preservation by using salt (brining and pickling) and use of preservatives in food preservation.

15. Food packaging – importance, types of packaging materials and nutrition labeling.

16. Common food adulterants and their detection.

17. Food laws and regulations and quality control standards - FSSAI, ISO, EU standards, FDA, HACCP and Codex Alimentarius Commission.

Practical Schedule

1. Cooking tests for cereals and pulses

2. Determination of energy value of food

3. Estimation of moisture

4. Estimation of protein

5. Estimation of fat

6. Estimation of ascorbic acid

7. Estimation of iron

8. Estimation of crude fibre

9. Processing of jam and jelly

10. Processing of squash and RTS

11. Puffing of pulses

12. Extrusion of cereals and millets

13. Canning of fruits and vegetables

14. Processing of dehydrated fruits and vegetables

15. Identification of common food adulterants

16. Visit to food processing unit and quality control lab

17. Final Practical Examination

TEXT BOOKS

1. Srilakshmi, B. 2005. Food Science. New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi.

2. Srivastava, R.P., and Sanjeevkumar. S. 2013. Fruit and Vegetable preservation. International Book Distributing Co. Lucknow.

3. Srilakshmi .B. 2015. Nutrition Science. New Age International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

JOURNALS

1. The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics

2. Journal of Food Science and Technology

3. Critical Reviews of Food Science and Nutrition

WEB RESOURCES

1. www.cellinteractive.com

2. www.nutrition.org.uk

3. www.fnic.nal.usda.gov

4. www.myfooddiary.com

AGR 102. Introductory Agro-meteorology & Climate Change (1+1)

Theory:

Unit - I: Climate and weather

Meteorology - Agricultural Meteorology - Importance and scope in crop production - Co-ordinates of India and Tamil Nadu - Atmosphere - Composition and vertical layers of atmosphere (stratification) - Climate - Weather - Factors affecting climate and weather - Climatic types - Different agricultural seasons of India and Tamil Nadu and climatic characteristics of India.

Unit - II: Solar radiation, RH and Wind

Solar radiation - Light intensity, quality, direction and duration - Air and Soil temperature - Diurnal variation - importance in crop production. Heat unit and its importance in agriculture. Relative Humidity and its importance - vapor pressure deficit and its importance - Wind and its effect on crops.

Unit - III: Atmospheric pressure and precipitation

Atmospheric pressure - cyclones, anticyclones, tornado, hurricane and storms - Wind systems of the world -. Clouds - types and their classification. Precipitation - forms - monsoon - Seasons of India- rainfall variability drought, flood and their effect - Cloud seeding - Evaporation - transpiration - Evapotranspiration - PET.

Unit - IV: Agroclimatic zones and remote sensing

Agro climatic Zones of India and Tamil Nadu - Agro climatic normals - Weather forecasting - synoptic chart - crop weather calendar - Remote sensing - Impact of climate and weather on crop production and pest and diseases.

Unit - V: Climate change

Climate change- climate variability - definition and causes of climate change - Impact of climate change on Agriculture.

Practical:

Observatory - Site selection and layout. Acquiring skill in use of Pyranometers - Sunshine recorder - Maximum, Minimum, Grass minimum and Soil thermometers - Thermograph, Dry and wet bulb thermometers - Hygrograph - Psychrometers - Fortein’s barometer - Barograph - Altimeter; Wind vane, Anemometer - Raingauge - Ordinary and self-recording - Dew guage; Automatic weather station - Evaporimeters - Lysimeters, Automatic weather station - Preparation of synoptic charts and crop weather calendars. Rainfall probability analysis. Mapping of Agroclimatic Zones.

Theory

Lecture Schedule:

1. Meteorology - Agricultural Meteorology - Definition, their importance and scope in crop production.

2. Coordinates of India and Tamil Nadu. Atmosphere - Composition of atmosphere - Vertical layers of atmosphere based on temperature difference / lapse rate.

3. Climate and weather - Factors affecting climate and weather. Macroclimate - Meso climate - Microclimate - Definition and their importance - Different climates of India and Tamil Nadu and their characterization.

4. Solar radiation - Radiation balance - Wave length characteristics and their effect on crop production - Light - effect of intensity, quality, direction and duration on crop production.

5. Air temperature - Factors affecting temperature. Diurnal and seasonal variation in air temperature - Isotherm, Heat unit and its use - Heat and cold injuries.

6. Role of temperature in crop production. Soil temperature - Importance in crop production. Factors affecting soil temperature, diurnal and seasonal variation in soil temperature.

7. Humidity - Types - Dew point temperature - Vapour pressure deficit - Diurnal variation in Relative humidity and its effect on crop production - Wind and its role on crop production.

8. Atmospheric pressure, diurnal and seasonal variation - Isobar – cyclone, hurricane, tornado and storms.

9. Mid Semester Examination.

10. Wind systems of the world - wind speed in different seasons -. Clouds and their classification - Concepts of cloud seeding - present status.

11. Precipitation - Forms of precipitation - Isohyte - Monsoon - Different monsoons of India - Rainfall variability - Drought and flood - Impact on crop production.

12. Evaporation - Transpiration, evapotranspiration - Potential evapotranspiration - Definition and their importance in agricultural production. Agroclimatic zones of Tamil Nadu - Agroclimatic normals for field crops.

13. Weather forecasting - Types, importance, Agro Advisory Services - Synoptic chart - Crop weather calendar.

14. Remote sensing and its application in agriculture.

15. Effect of weather and climate on crop production, soil fertility and incidence of pest and diseases.

16. Climate change, climate variability - definition and causes of climate change.

17. Impact of climate change on Agriculture.

Practical Schedule:

1. Site selection and layout for Agromet Observatory - Calculation of local time - Time of observation of different weather elements - Reviewing agromet registers.

2. Measurements of solar radiation (pyranometers), sunshine hours (sunshine recorder) - working out weekly and monthly mean for graphical representation.

3. Measurement of air and soil temperature and grass minimum thermometers and thermographs - drawing isolines.

4. Humidity measurements - use of wet and dry bulb thermometers - Psychrometers - Hygrograph - Measurement of wind direction and wind speed and conversion (KMPH, KNOT, and M/Sec.) - Beaufort’s scale.

5. Measurement of atmospheric pressure - barograph - Fortein-s barometer - Isobars based on past data for different seasons.

6. Measurement of rainfall - Ordinary and self-recording rain gauges - Measurement of Dew - dew gauge- study of Automatic weather station.

7. Measurement of Evaporation - Open pan evaporimeter- application of evaporation data-Measurement of Evapotranspiration- Lysimeter.

8. Heat Unit concept- GDD, HTU, PTU for fixing time of sowing.

9. Probability analysis of rainfall for crop planning.

10. Drawing Synoptic charts for understanding weather.

11. Preparation of crop weather calendars and forecast based agro advisories.

12. Preparation pest weather calendar and pest forewarning.

13. Estimation of length of growing periods using weekly rainfall data.

14. Water balance studies.

15. Identification of efficient cropping zone- RYI, RSI.

16. Mapping of agro climatic Zones of India and Tamil Nadu and its characterization.

17. Practical Examination.

References

Mavi, H.S., 1996. Introduction to Agrometeorology, oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

Gopalaswamy, N. 1994. Agricultural Meteorology, Rawat publications, Jaipur. Prasad,

Reddy, S.R. and Reddy, D.S. 2014. Agro meteorology. Kalyani Publishers, NewDelhi

Reddy, S.R. 2014. Introduction to Agriculture and Agrometeorology. Kalyani Publishers, NewDelhi.

Patra, A.K. 2016. Principles and applications of Agricultural Meteorology. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.

Smith, J.W. 2013. Agricultural meteorology. Axis Books (India), Jodhpur

Rao, P.2008. Agricultural Meteorology. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, NewDelhi

Murthy, R.V. 2002. Basic Principles of Agricultural Meteorology. BS Publications, Hyderabad.

Singh, J. 2014. Textbook of Agricultural meteorology. Oxford Book Company, New Delhi.

Rao, G.S.L.H.V. 2005. Agricultural Meteorology. Kerala Agricultural University Press, Thrissur.

E:References:

www.tawn.tnau.ac.in

www.usbr.gov/pn/agri.met

www.imd.gov.in

HOR 112 . Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops (1+1)

Aim

To impart knowledge on the production techniques of tropical, sub tropical, temperate fruit crops and plantation crops.

Syllabus

Theory

Unit I: Production status of fruit and plantation crops

Importance and scope of fruit and plantation crop industry in India – nutritional value of fruit crops - classification of fruit crops – area, production, productivity and export potential of fruit and plantation crops.

UNIT II: Crop production techniques in tropical fruit crops

Climate and soil requirements – varieties – propagation and use of rootstocks- planting density and systems of planting - High density and ultra high density planting - cropping systems - after care - training and pruning - water, nutrient and weed management –fertigation - special horticultural techniques - plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest- value addition.

Fruit crops: mango, banana, papaya, guava, sapota

UNIT III: Crop production techniques in subtropical fruit crops

Climate and soil requirements – varieties – propagation and use of rootstocks- planting density and systems of planting - High density and ultra high density planting - cropping systems - after care - training and pruning - water, nutrient and weed management – fertigation - special horticultural techniques - plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest and value addition.

Fruit crops: citrus, grape, litchi, pineapple, pomegranate, jackfruit and minor fruits

UNIT IV: Crop production techniques temperate fruit crops

Climate and soil requirements – varieties – propagation and use of rootstocks - planting density and systems of planting -High density and ultra high density planting -cropping systems - after care - training and pruning - water, nutrient and weed management –fertigation - special horticultural techniques - plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest and value addition.

Fruit crops: apple, pear, peach, strawberry, nut crops.

UNIT V Crop production techniques in palms and plantation crops

Climate and soil requirements - varieties - propagation - nursery management - planting and - planting systems - cropping systems - after care - water, nutrient and weed management - intercropping - multi-tier cropping system - mulching - special horticultural practices - maturity indices, harvest and yield - pests and diseases - processing - value addition

Palms: Coconut, Arecanut, Oil palm and Palmyrah

Climate and soil requirements - varieties- propagation - nursery management - planting and planting systems - cropping systems- after care- training and pruning - water, nutrient and weed management - shade management - intercropping - mulching - cover cropping - special horticultural practices - maturity indices, harvest and yield - pests and diseases - processing - value addition.

Plantation crops: Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, Cashew, Rubber

Practical

Propagation methods for fruit crops - description and identification of varieties - preparation of plant bio regulators & their uses – nutrient deficiency and disorders of fruit crops - fertilizers- application - pests and diseases- micro propagation in fruit crops- Visit to commercial orchard.

Fruit Crops: Mango, banana, papaya, guava, sapota, grapes, citrus (Mandarin and acid lime),

pomegranate and jackfruit

Propagation methods for plantation crops - description and identification of plantation crops - preparation of plant bio regulators & their uses - nutritional disorders of plantation crops - fertilizers- application - pests and diseases- cost economics of plantation crops. Visit to plantations and plantation industries.

Palms and plantation Crops: Coconut, Arecanut, Cashew, Tea, Coffee, Rubber and Cocoa

Theory schedule

1. Importance and scope of fruit and plantation crop industry in India – nutritional value of fruit crops

2. Classification of fruit crops – area, production, productivity and export potential of fruit and plantation crops

3. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems - after care- training and pruning- top working - water, nutrient and weed management- canopy management - plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest - post harvest management of Mango

4. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems - after care- water and nutrient management – fertigation - Weed control - Plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest- post harvest management of Banana

5. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems - after care - water, nutrient and weed management - crop regulation- important disorders – maturity indices and harvest - post harvest management of Papaya, Guava and sapota

6. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems - after care - water, nutrient and weed management - crop regulation – nutrient deficiencies and important disorders – maturity indices and harvest- post harvest management of Citrus (Sweet orange, Mandarin and Acid Lime)

7. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems-after care – systems of training and pruning and bud forecasting - water, nutrient and weed management - plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest - post harvest management of Grapes

8. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems - after care - water, nutrient and weed management - plant growth regulation- important disorders – maturity indices and harvest - post harvest management of pineapple and litchi

9. Mid semester examination

10. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems - after care - training and pruning - water, nutrient and weed management - plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest - post harvest management of Pomegranate, jackfruit and minor fruits

11. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems - after care- training and pruning - water, nutrient and weed management - plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest- post harvest management of Apple and pear

12. Climate and soil – varieties - propagation methods - planting and cropping systems - after care- training and pruning - water, nutrient and weed management - plant growth regulation - important disorders – maturity indices and harvest - post harvest management of Peach and strawberry, nut crops .

12. Climate and soil requirements - varieties - propagation - nursery management - planting systems - planting density -nutrient, water and weed management - intercropping at various ages of plantation -multitier cropping - shade management - nutritional disorders - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases - grading - processing and value addition of Coconut

13. Climate and soil requirements - varieties - propagation - nursery management - planting systems - planting density - nutrient, water and weed management - intercropping at various ages of plantation - multitier cropping – shade management - nutritional disorders - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases - grading - processing and value addition of Arecanut and Cocoa .

14. Climate and soil requirements - varieties - propagation - nursery management - planting and planting density - HDP - UHDP - nutrient, water and weed management - cover cropping - tapping - use of plant growth regulators - top working - maturity indices - harvest and yield , latex yield and processing - pests and diseases - grading - processing and value addition Rubber and Cashew .

15. Climate and soil requirements- varieties – propagation - nursery management - planting density and systems of planting - nutrient, water and weed management - mulching - cropping systems - shade regulation - training and pruning - role of growth regulators - nutritional disorders - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases - grading - processing and value addition of Tea .

16. Climate and soil requirements - varieties – propagation - nursery management - planting - nutrient, water and weed management - mixed and inter cropping - shade management - training and pruning - role of growth regulators - nutritional disorders - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases - grading - processing and value addition of Coffee.

17. Climate and soil requirements - varieties – propagation - nursery management - planting - nutrient, water and weed management - water conservation techniques - leaf pruning - pollination - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases - grading - processing and value addition Oil palm and Palmyrah.

Practical schedule

1. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Mango

2. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Banana

3. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Papaya

4. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Guava

5. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Sapota

6. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Grapes

7. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Citrus (Mandarin and acid lime)

8. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Pomegranate

9. Propagation techniques, selection of planting material, varieties, important cultural practices for Jackfruit

10. Preparation and application of PGR’s for propagation.

11. Micro propagation, protocol for mass multiplication and hardening of fruit crops.

12. Identification and description of varieties - mother palm and seed nut selection - nursery practices- seedling selection – fertilizers - application - nutritional disorders - pests and diseases of Coconut

13. Identification and description of varieties - mother palm and seed nut selection- nursery practices- fertilizers - application - nutritional disorders - pests and diseases of Arecanut and cocoa

14. Identification and description of varieties - nursery practices - training and pruning - pests and diseases – processing of Tea and coffee

15. Identification and description of varieties, clones - bud wood nursery practices - propagation techniques - top working – preparation of plant bio regulators and its uses- pests and diseases - processing of Rubber and cashew

16. Visit to commercial orchard and plantation industries.

17. Practical examination

Outcome

• Students will be imparted with wide knowledge on major tropical, a few sub tropical and temperate fruit and plantation crops

• Hands on training on various propagation methods and important cultural practices for major fruit and plantation crops will be provided (Practical)

Reference text books

1. Kumar, N. 2014. Introduction to Horticulture. Oxford & IBH Publishing co. Pvt. Ltd.

2. Chadha, K.L and Pareek, O.P. 1996. (Eds.). Advances in Horticulture. Vols. IIIV. Malhotra Publ. House

3. Kumar, N. 2014. Introduction to Spices, Plantation, Medicinal and Aromatic crops, IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Alice Kurian and Peter, K.V. 2007. Horticulture science series Vol. 08, New India, Publishing Agency, New Delhi.

5. Veeeraragavathatham, D and et al.,2004. Scientific fruit culture, Sun Associates, Coimbatore.

6. Henry Louis, I. 2002. Coconut- The wonder palm. Hi - Tech Coconut Corporation, Nagercoil.

E references

http://www.jhortscib.com

http://journal.ashspublications.org

http://www.actahort.org/

http://www.aphorticulture.com/crops.htm

http://cpcri.nic.in/

http://indiancoffee.org

RSG 101 Geoinformatics for Precision Farming (1+0)

Theory

Unit I

Remote sensing: Concepts - Electromagnetic radiation: principles and theories- Energy interaction: atmosphere and earth surface features- Spectral reflectance of earth features- Platforms and sensors: types and characteristics. Image Processing and Interpretation – Digital image processing: Image Classification - Optical, Microwave and Drones

Unit II

GIS: Definition, Components and functions- Raster and vector data models and non-spatial data types - Raster Data Analysis: Local, Neighborhood and Regional Operations- Vector Data Analysis: Querying, Buffering, Overlay

Unit III

Geodesy and its basic principles -Global Positioning System – components and its functions. GPS survey methods- Error sources - DEM – Sources, Generation and application.

Unit IV

Precision agriculture: concepts and techniques; their issues and concerns –STCR / VRT approach for precision agriculture - Soil moisture, Pest and Disease incidence – nutrient deficiencies – linking with VRT using Geospatial Technologies

Unit V

Crop discrimination and Yield monitoring, soil mapping; fertilizer recommendation using geospatial technologies. Introduction to crop Simulation Models and their uses for optimization of Agricultural Inputs – Drones for precision agriculture

Theory schedule

1. Remote sensing concepts and Electromagnetic radiation. Energy interaction: atmosphere and earth surface features and Spectral reflectance

2. Platforms and sensors: types and characteristics

3. Elements of visual photo/image interpretation

4. Digital image processing -Image classification – Optical, Microwave and Drones

5. GIS: Definition and Components and functions

6. Raster and vector data models and non-spatial data types

7. Raster Data Analysis: Local, Neighborhood and Regional Operations.

8. Vector Data Analysis: Querying, Buffering, Overlay and Network Analysis

9. Mid-semester Examination

10. Geodesy and its basic principles

11. GPS: components and functions - GPS Survey and Error Sources

12. Precision agriculture: concepts and techniques; their issues and concerns – STCR / VRT approach

13. Soil moisture, Pest and Disease incidence – nutrient deficiencies – linking with VRT using Geospatial Technologies

14. Crop discrimination and Yield monitoring using Remote Sensing

15. Soil mapping; fertilizer recommendation using geospatial technologies

16. Introduction to Crop Simulation Models and their uses for optimization of Agricultural Inputs

17. Drones for precision agriculture

Textbooks

For Remote Sensing part of syllabus Anji Reddy, M. 2008. Textbook of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. Third Edition. BS Publication, Hyderabad

For GIS part of syllabus Rolf A.de By. 2001. Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC Educational Textbook Series I

For Application part of syllabus Roy, P.S., R.S.Dwivedi and D.Vijayan.2010. Remote Sensing Applications. NRSC Publication. ISBN: 978-81-909460-0-1

Web resources

1. www.physicalgeography.net

2. www.gisdevelopment.net

3. www.gis.nic.in

4. www.geos.iitb.ac.in/remotesensing.html

5. www.dimensionigis.com/remote_sensing.html

Under Graduate Syllabus (2017)‎ > ‎

III semester

PAT 201 Fundamentals of Plant Pathology (2+1)

Theory

Unit I:

Plant pathogenic organisms

Plant Pathology- Definition - History- Economic importance of plant diseases- Plant Pathogenic organisms – Protozoa, Phytomonas, chromista, Fungi, Bacteria, Candidatus Phytoplasma, Spiroplasma, Fastidious vascular bacteria, Viruses, Viroids, Algae, and Phanerogamic parasites

Unit II:

Pathogenesis

Koch’s postulates- Pathogenesis - Mode of infection – pre-penetration, penetration and post penetration - Role of enzymes and toxins on disease development-Effect of pathogen on physiological functions of the plants

Unit III:

General characters and taxonomy of Protozoa, Chromista and fungi

General characters– somatic structures, types of mycelia - reproduction (Vegetative, asexual and sexual) –Types of parasitism. Classification (Kirk et al., 2001) and symptoms of Kingdom:Protozoa, Phylum:Plasmodiophoromycota, Plasmodiophora brassicae. Kingdom:Chromista, Phylum:Oomycota-Pythium,Phytophthora, Sclerospora, Plasmopara and Albugo Kingdom:Fungi , Phylum:Chytridiomycota-Synchytrium, Phylum: Zygomycota -Mucor, Rhizopus

Unit IV:

General characters and taxonomy of fungi - Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Phylum: Ascomycota, Taphrina, Capnodium, Mycosphaerella, Macrophomina, Cochliobolus, Lewia, Venturia, Eurotium, Talaromyces, Sclerotinia, Erysiphe, Leveillula, Phyllactinia,Claviceps, Gibberella, Ustilaginoidea, Verticillium, Glomerella, Pestalotiopsis and Magnaporthe

Unit V:

Bacteria, Phytoplasma, virus, viroid, Algae, Phanerogams and abiotic disorders

General characters and symptoms- phytopathogenic bacteria,Candidatus Phytoplasma, Spiroplasma, Fastidious vascular bacteria, viruses, viroids, algae, Phanerogams –Abiotic disorders.

Practical

General characters of fungi – Types of mycelia -Types of vegetative, asexual and sexual spores- asexual and sexual fruiting bodies .Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Plasmodiophora, Pythium Phytophthora, Sclerospora, Plasmopara , Albugo, Mucor, Rhizopus, Taphrina, Capnodium, Cercospora, (Mycospaerella), Botryodiplodia (Botryosphaeria), Curvularia, Drechslera (Helminthosporium), Alternaria, Venturia, Erysiphe, Phyllactinia, Uncinula, Leveillula and Claviceps, Fusarium (Gibberella ,Nectria), Verticillium ,Colletotrichum (Glomerella) Pestalotia (Pestalosphaeria), Pyricularia(Magnoporthe) Sarocladium, Macrophomina, , Puccinia, Uromyces , Hemileia, Ustilago Sphacelotheca (Sporisorium), Tolyposporium (Moesziomyces), Exobasidium, Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia (Thanatephorus) Ganoderma Agaricus, Pleurotus and Calocybe. Symptoms of bacterial diseases, Candidatus Phytoplasma, Fastidious vascular bacteria, algal parasite, phanerogamic parasites and non-parasitic diseases

Theory lecture schedule

1. Definition of Plant Pathology – History of Plant Pathology

2. Losses caused by plant diseases

3. Causes of Plant diseases – Protozoa , Chromista, , fungi, Bacteria, Fastidious vascular bacteria, Spiroplasma, Candidatus Phytoplasma,

4. Causes of Plant diseases -Virus, viroid, algal, phanerogamic parasites and abiotic disorders

5. Pathogenesis – stages in pathogenesis – pre-penetration, penetration and post penetration

6. Role of enzymes in disease development

7. Role of toxins in disease development

8. Effect of pathogen on physiological functions of the plants- Effect on Photosynthesis- Transpiration-Respiration- translocation of water and nutrients

9. General characters of fungi- Mycelia – vegetative resting structures

10. Asexual reproduction in fungi

11. Sexual reproduction in fungi

12. Parasitism in fungi- Types of parasitism – parasite, saprophyte, obligate parasite, facultative parasite, facultative saprophyte- Mode of nutrition in fungi-

biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, perthotrophs/ necrotrophs and symbiosis

13. Classification of Kingdom Protozoa - important taxonomic characters , symptoms and life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae and symptoms of Protozoan

diseases

14. Classification of Kingdom Chromista- General characters of Oomycetes- Symptoms and life cycle of Pythium, Phytophthora and Albugo

15. Symptoms and life cycle of Sclerospora and Plasmopara

16. Classification of Kingdom– Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota - important characters, symptoms and life cycles of Synchtrium and Rhizopus and Mucor

17. Mid Semester Examination

18. Classification of Kingdom– Ascomycota- important characters

19. Symptoms and life cycles of Taphrina, Capnodium, Cercospora, (Mycospaerella), Macrophomina, Cochliobolus (Helminthosporium), Lewia (Alternaria) and

Venturia

20. Symptoms and life cycles of Eurotium, Talaromyces, Erysiphe, Leveillula and Phyllactinia,

21. Symptoms and taxonomic characters of Claviceps, Fusarium (Gibberella, Nectria) and Verticillium

22. Symptoms and taxonomic characters of Colletotrichum (Glomerella) Pestalotia (Pestalosphaeria), Pyricularia (Magnoporthe) ,Sarocladium and Ustilagenoidea

23. Classification of Kingdom - Basidiomycota- important characters

24. Symptoms and life cycles of Puccinia ,Uromyces, Hemileia

25. Symptoms and taxonomic characters of Ustilago, Sphacelotheca (Sporisorium), Tolyposporium (Moesziomyces), Tilletia and Exobasidium

26. Symptoms and taxonomic characters of Athelium, Thanetephorus and Ganoderma

27. Important taxonomic characters of Agaricus, Pleurotus and Calocybe

28. Classification and general characters of phytopathogenic bacteria

29. Symptoms and characters of Xanthomonas, Ralstonia, Erwinia, Pantoea, Pectobactrium, Agrobacterium (Rhizobium), Corynebacterium (Clavibacter,) and Streptomyces

30. Important characters and symptoms of Candidatus Phytoplasma diseases – Phyllody, little leaf, yellow dwarf and sandal spike, Fastidious vascular bacteria and Spiroplasma

31. Virus - definition, nature and properties of plant virus, Single stranded, Double stranded RNA and DNA viruses and Transmission of plant viruses

32. Common symptoms of virus diseases mosaic,chlorosis, leaf curl, stem pitting, spotted wilt, necrosis , ring spot, vein clearing, leaf crinkle, rosette and bunchy top

33. Important characters and symptoms of Viroid, Algal and Phanerogamic parasites

34. Symptoms and characters of non-parasitic diseases

Practical schedule

1. General characters of fungi – Types of mycelia -Types of vegetative, asexual and sexual spores-asexual and sexual fruiting bodies.

2. Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Plasmodiophora, Pythium and Phytophthora.

3. Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Sclerospora Plasmopara and Albugo

4. Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Rhizopus, Taphrina, Capnodium, Cercospora, (Mycospaerella), Botryodiplodia (Botryosphaeria), Drechslera (Helminthosporium) and Alternaria

5. Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Eurotium,Talaromyces, Erysiphe, Leveillula, Phyllactinia, Uncinula , Podosphaera and Sphaerotheca

6. Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Claviceps, Fusarium (Gibberella, Nectria) and Verticillim

7. Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Colletotrichum (Glomerella), Pestalotia (Pestalosphaeria), Pyricularia (Magnoporthe) Sarocladium and Macrophomina

8. Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Puccinia, Uromyces, and Hemileia

9. Field visit for exposing students on different crop diseases

10. Study of important taxonomic characters and symptoms produced by Ustilago, Sphacelotheca (Sporisorium), Tolyposporium (Moesziomyces),and Exobasidium

11. Study of important taxonomic characters of Agaricus, Pleurotus, Calocybe and Volvariella

12. Study of important taxonomic characters and Symptoms produced by Athelium, Thanetephorus and Ganoderma

13. Symptoms of bacterial diseases – leaf blight, leaf streak, canker, scab, crown gall, wilt and soft rot.

14. Symptoms of Candidatus Phytoplasma and Algae

15. Symptoms and vectors of viral diseases – mosaic, chlorosis, leaf curl, stem pitting, spotted wilt, necrosis , ring spot, vein clearing, leaf crinkle, rosette and bunchy top

16. Phanerogamic parasites and non-parasitic diseases

17. Final Practical Examination.

References

1. Alice D, and Jeyalakshmi C 2014. Plant Pathology. A.E Publications ,Coimbatore

2. Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology – (5th Edition). Academic Press, New York.

E- references

1. Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology – (5th Edition). Academic Press, New York.

2. Richard N. Strange. 2003. Introduction of Plant Pathology - John Wiley & Sons Ltd, London

3. John Webster and Ronald Weber, 2007. Introduction to fungi by Cambridge University Press, UK

AEN 201 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY (2+1)

Theory

Unit I: History and importance of Entomology; Insect morphology

History of Entomology in India; Position of insects in the animal kingdom and their relationship with other classes of Arthropoda; Reasons for insect dominance. General organisation of insect body wall - structure and function, cuticular appendages, moulting; Body regions - insect head, thorax and abdomen, their structure and appendages.

Unit II:

Anatomy and physiology (Part – I) : Digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems in insects.

Unit III:

Anatomy and physiology (Part – II) : Reproductive systems in insects, sense organs and their functions, exocrine and endocrine glands; Embryonic and post embryonic development.

Unit IV:

Taxonomy of Apterygota and Exopterygota

Insect systematics; Distinguishing characters of agriculturally important orders and families of Hexapoda. Apterygota (Thysanura, Diplura, Protura and Collembola); Exopterygota (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phasmida, Dictyoptera, Embioptera, Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Isoptera, Psocoptera, Mallophaga, Thysanoptera and Siphunculata).

Unit V:

Taxonomy of Endopterygota

Distinguishing characters of agriculturally important families of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Siphonaptera, Neuroptera and Strepsiptera.

Practical

Observations on external features of grasshopper / cockroach, Methods of insect collection, preservation – Preparation of Riker mount. Types of insect head, antenna, mouth parts – Structure of thorax. Types of insect legs, wings and their modifications – wing coupling. Structure of abdomen, and its modifications. Metamorphosis in insects – immature stages in insects. Study of digestive and reproductive systems of grasshopper / coackroach – Observing the characters of agriculturally important orders and families.

Theory lecture schedule:

1. History of Entomology in India; Position of insects in the animal kingdom - relationship with other members of Arthropoda

2. Structural, morphological and physiological factors responsible for dominance

3. Insect body wall - its structure and function; cuticular appendages

4. Moulting process in insects

5. Structure of insect head and its appendages

6. Structure of insect thorax and its appendages

7. Structure of insect abdomen and its appendages

8. Structure of alimentary canal and its modifications; Digestive enzymes, digestion and absorption of nutrients

9. Excretory system - Malpighian tubules - accessory excretory organs and physiology of excretion

10. Respiratory system – types - structure of trachea - tracheoles - types of spiracles – respiration in aquatic and endoparasitic insects

11. Circulatory system - haemocoel and dorsal vessel - circulation of blood -composition of haemolymph - haemocytes and their functions

12. Nervous system - Structure of neuron – types of nervous systems

13. Axonic and synaptic transmissions of nerve impulses

14. Male and female reproductive systems in insects – structure and modifications – Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

15. Oviparous, viviparous, paedogenesis, polyembryony, ovoviporous and parthenogenesis

16. Embryogenesis; Types of metamorphosis – Immature stages of insects

17. Mid-semester examination

18. Structure of sense organs - types of sensilla – photoreceptors, chemoreceptors and mechan oreceptors

19. Exocrine and endocrine glands and their function - effect on metamorphosis and reproduction

20. Tropism and Biocommunication in insects — Sound and light production

21. Systematics - principles and procedures of classification and nomenclature of insects

22. Distinguishing characters of insect orders — Apterygota (Thysanura, Diplura, Protura and Collembola), Exopterygota — (Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Phasmida)

23. Orthoptera (Ensifera - Tettigonidae, Gryllidae and Gryllotalpidae; Caelifera - Acrididae and Tetrigidae), Dictyoptera, Dermaptera and Embioptera

24. Isoptera — social life in termites

25. Thysanoptera, Pscoptera, Mallophaga and Siphunculata.

26. Hemiptera – Homoptera (Delphacidae, Flatidae, Cercopidae, Cicadidae, Membracidae, Cicadellidae, Psyllidae, Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, Margarodidae, Kerridae, Pseudococcidae, Coccidae, Asterolecaniidae and Diaspididae)

27. Hemiptera - Heteroptera (Tingidae, Reduviidae, Cimicidae, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Coreidae, Scutellaridae, Pentatomidae, Veliidae, Gerridae, Naucoridae, Belastomatidae, Nepidae, Notonectidae and Corixidae)

28. Endopterygota — Classification of Lepidoptera – suborders; butterfly families (Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Satyriidae and Hesperiidae)

29. Moth families (Psychidae, Gelechiidae, Metarbellidae, Cochlidiidae, Pyralidae, Crambidae, Pterophoridae, Geometridae, Bombycidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Arctiidae, Noctuidae and Lymantriidae)

30. Classification of Coleoptera – suborders; Adephaga (Carabidae, Cicindellidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae)

31. Polyphaga (Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae, Passalidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaeidae, Dynastidae, Melolonthidae, Cetonidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Lampyriidae, Cantharidae, Dermestidae, Anobiidae, Bostrychidae, Coccinellidae, Tenebrionidae, Meloidae, Cerambycidae, Bruchidae, Chrysomelidae, Apionidae and Curculionidae)

32. Diptera – Suborders; Nematocera (Tipulidae, Psychodidae, Culicidae, Bibionidae, and Cecidomyiidae), Brachycera (Tabanidae, Asilidae and Bombylidae,), Cyclorrapha (Syrphidae, Drosophillidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Tachinidae, Hippoboscidae, Micropezidae, Agromyzidae, Chloropidae and Tephritidae)

33. Hymenoptera–Suborders; Symphyta (Tenthredinidae) Apocrita (Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Evaniidae, Agaonidae, Chalcididae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Trichogrammatidae, Bethylidae, Chrysididae, Scoliidae, Mutillidae, Formicidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Megachilidae, Anthophoridae, Xylocopidae and Apidae)

34. Neuroptera (Mantispidae, Chrysopidae, Myrmeleontidae and Ascalaphidae); Siphonaptera and Strepsiptera

Practical schedule:

1. Observations on external features of grasshopper / cockroach and other members of phylum Arthropoda

2. Methods of insect collection, preservation, display and storage

3. Types of insect head and antenna

4. Mouth parts of cockroach, modifications in the mouth parts in plant bug, female mosquito, honeybee, thrips, antlion grub, house fly, moths and butterflies

5. Structure of thorax and their appendages —modifications in insect legs and wings — wing venation, regions and angles — wing coupling.

6. Structure of abdomen and their appendages

7. Types of immature stages of insects

8. Study of digestive system, male and female reproductive systems

9. Observing the characters of Apterygota - Collembola and Thysanura and Exopterygota – Odonata and Ephemeroptera and Phasmida

10. Observing the characters of Dictyoptera, Dermaptera, Embioptera, Orthoptera (Ensifera - Tettigonidae, Gryllidae and Gryllotalpidae; Caelifera - Acrididae and Tetrigidae), Mallophaga and Siphunculata

11. Observing the characters of Exopterygota —Isoptera and Hemiptera — Homoptera (Delphacidae,Flatidae, Cercopidae, Cicadidae, Membracidae, Cicadellidae, Psyllidae, Aleyrodidae, Aphididae, Margarodidae, Kerridae, Pseudococcidae, Coccidae, Asterolecaniidae and Diaspididae) Heteroptera (Tingidae, Reduviidae, Cimicidae, Anthocoridae, Miridae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Coreidae, Scutellaridae, Pentatomidae, Veliidae, Gerridae, Naucoridae, Belastomatidae, Nepidae, Notonectidae and Corixidae)

12. Observing the characters of orders Thysanoptera and Diptera- Nematocera (Tipulidae, Psychodidae, Culicidae, Bibionidae, and Cecidomyiidae), Brachycera (Tabanidae, Asilidae and Bombylidae,), Cyclorrapha (Syrphidae, Drosophillidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Tachinidae, Hippoboscidae, Micropezidae, Agromyzidae, Chloropidae and Tephritidae)

13. Observing the characters of Hymenoptera-Symphyta (Tenthredinidae) Apocrita (Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Evaniidae, Agaonidae, Chalcididae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Trichogrammatidae, Bethylidae, Chrysididae, Scoliidae, Mutillidae, Formicidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Megachilidae, Anthophoridae, Xylocopidae and Apidae)

14. Observing the characters of Coleoptera - Adephaga (Carabidae, Cicindellidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae) Polyphaga (Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae, Passalidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaeidae, Dynastidae, Melolonthidae, Cetonidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Lampyriidae, Cantharidae, Dermestidae, Anobiidae, Bostrychidae, Coccinellidae, Tenebrionidae, Meloidae, Cerambycidae, Bruchidae, Chrysomelidae, Apionidae and Curculionidae)

15. Observing the characters of Lepidoptera - Butterfly families (Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Satyriidae and Hesperiidae), Moth families (Psychidae, Gelechiidae, Metarbellidae, Cochlidiidae, Pyralidae, Crambidae, Pterophoridae, Geometridae, Bombycidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Arctiidae, Noctuidae and Lymantriidae)

16. Observing the characters of Neuroptera (Mantispidae, Chrysopidae, Myrmeleontidae and Ascalaphidae), Siphonoptera. Identification and naming of collected insects based on characters— order and family

17. Final Practical examination

References:

1. Richards O.W. and R.G. Davies. 1977. Imm’s General Text Book of Entomology. Vol.I and II.

Chapman and Hall Publication, London. 1354p. {ISBN 0412 15220 7}

2. Chapman, R.F. 1998. The Insects: Structure and Function. Fourth Edition. Cambridge University Press. 770p. {ISBN 0 521 78732 7}

3. Snodgrass, R.E. 1994. Principles of Insect Morphology. CBS publishers and distributors, New Delhi. 667p. David, B.V. and V.V. Ramamurthy. 2011. Elements of Economic Entomology, Namrutha Publications,Chennai, 386 p. {ISBN: 978-81-921477-0-3}

4. Srivastava, P. D. and R. P. Singh. 1997. An Introduction to Entomology. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.

E- References:

1. http://www.itis.usda.gov/it is/

2. www.zin.ru/animalia

3. https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/ent201/content/anatomy2.pdf

4. www.insectsexplained.com/03external.htm

5. www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html

6. www.insectidentification.org/orders_insect.asp

SST 201 Principles of Seed Technology (2+1)

Theory

Unit I –

Seed : Importance and biology

Seed and seed technology: definition -importance -Characters of good quality seed -Seed development and maturation - Germination - phases of seed germination - Dormancy - types of seed dormancy - Different classes of seed - generation system of seed multiplication in supply chain - Seed replacement rate and varietal replacement - Seed Multiplication Ratio -Seed renewal period. Varietal deterioration of crops - causes and maintenance.

Unit II –

Seed Production

Principles of seed production- Foundation and certified seed production of varieties and hybrids - Cereals - rice, maize, sorghum and bajra - Pulses - greengram, blackgram and redgram - Oilseeds - groundnut, sesame, sunflower and castor - Cotton, Forage crops - Cenchrus sp and lucerne - Vegetables - tomato, brinjal, chillies, bhendi, onion and gourds - bittergourd, ashgourd, snakegourd, ribbedgourd, bottlegourd and pumpkin. Principles of GM crop and organic seed production.

Unit III –

Post harvest handling of seeds

Post harvest handling of seeds - threshing methods - drying - methods of seed drying - Seed processing - seed cleaning and grading - Processing equipments -cleaner cum grader -Upgrading equipments - specific gravity separator, colour sorter, indented cylinder separator, spiral separator, magnetic separator, needle separator - working principles - Seed quality enhancement techniques - importance - seed fortification, seed priming, seed coating, seed pelleting.

Unit IV –

Seed Quality Control and Seed Testing

Seed certification - phases of certification, procedure for seed certification, field inspection, field counts, field and seed standards. Post harvest inspection - processing, bagging and tagging. Seed Act and Rules - Seed law enforcement. Duty and powers of seed inspector, offences and penalties. Seeds Control Order 1983 - Salient features of PPV&FRA 2001 - National Seed Policy 2002 - Seed Bill 2004. Seed testing for quality assessment - importance - Varietal identification through grow out test, molecular and biochemical test. Detection of genetically modified crops.

Unit V - Seed Storage and marketing

Seed storage – principles- factors affecting seed longevity during storage – Seed treatments and packaging materials - measures for pest and disease control during storage and godown sanitation. Seed marketing - structure and organization - sales promotional activities. factors affecting seed marketing and demand - International seed movement - role of international organizations, WTO and OECD in seed trade.

Practical

Study on seed structure of major cereals - rice, wheat, maize, sorghum and bajra - Pulses - greengram, blackgram, redgram, bengalgram and field pea - Oilseeds - groundnut, sesame, sunflower, castor, soybean and mustard - Cotton - Forage crops - Vegetable crops. Seed production techniques - identification of physical and genetic contaminants - supplementary pollination in hybrid rice -

detasselling techniques in hybrid maize - emasculation and dusting technique in cotton - supplementary pollination in sunflower - pre-germinative technique and enhancing female flowers in cucurbits - assessment of physiological maturity indices - seed extraction methods in vegetables. Visit to seed production farms - Seed enhancement techniques - seed coating, seed priming and seed pelleting. Visit to seed processing plant. Seed certification - field inspection and counting procedure - Seed sampling and testing - seed moisture content, physical purity, seed germination, viability - Seed and seedling vigour test - Seed health test- Genetic purity test -grow out test and electrophoresis - Seed production planning - economics - Visit to seed testing laboratory.

Theory lecture schedule:

1. Seed and seed technology - definition -importance -Characters of good quality seed.

2. Seed development and maturation.

3. Germination - phases of seed germination - Dormancy - types of seed dormancy.

4. Different classes of seed - generation system of seed multiplication in supply chain - Seed replacement rate and varietal replacement - Seed Multiplication Ratio -Seed renewal period.

5. Varietal deterioration of crops - causes and maintenance.

6. Principles of seed production - factors affecting seed production - physical and genetic contaminants.

7. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of rice.

8. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of maize.

9. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of sorghum and bajra.

10. Seed production techniques in greengram and blackgram varieties.

11. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of redgram.

12. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of sunflower and groundnut varieties.

13. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of castor and sesame varieties.

14. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of cotton.

15. Seed production techniques in Cenchrus species and lucerne.

16. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of tomato, brinjal and chillies.

17. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of bhendi and onion.

18. Mid semester examination.

19. Seed production techniques in varieties and hybrids of gourds - bittergourd, ashgourd, snakegourd, ribbedgourd, bottlegourd and pumpkin.

20. Principles of GM crop and organic seed production.

21. Post harvest handling of seeds - threshing methods - drying - methods of seed drying.

22. Seed processing - principle - importance - seed processing sequence for different crops –equipments.

23. Principles and mechanism of seed cleaning and grading - processing equipments - cleaner cum grader - specific gravity separator.

24. Principles and mechanism of upgrading equipments - colour sorter - indented cylinder separator - spiral separator - magnetic separator - needle separator

25. Seed quality enhancement techniques - importance - seed fortification - seed priming – seed coating - seed pelleting.

26. Seed certification - phases of certification, procedure for seed certification, field inspection, field counts, field and seed standards - post harvest inspection -

processing - bagging and tagging.

27. Seed Act and Rules - Seed law enforcement - Duties and powers of seed inspector –offences and penalties - Seeds Control Order 1983.

28. Salient features of PPV&FRA, 2001 - National Seed Policy, 2002 - Seed Bill, 2004.

29. Seed testing for quality assessment - importance - methods.

30. Varietal Identification - grow out test - molecular and biochemical test - Detection of genetically modified crops.

31. Seed storage - principles - factors affecting seed longevity during storage.

32. Seed treatment and packaging materials - measures for pest and disease control during storage and godown sanitation.

33. Seed marketing - structure and organization - sales promotional activities - factors affecting seed marketing and demand.

34. International seed movement - role of international organizations - WTO and OECD in seed trade.

Practical schedule:

1. Study on external and internal seed structure and identification of major cereals - pulses - oilseeds - cotton - forage crops and vegetable crops.

2. Practicing supplementary pollination techniques in hybrid rice and detasselling techniques in hybrid maize.

3. Practicing emasculation and dusting technique in cotton and supplementary pollination in sunflower.

4. Practicing pre-germinative technique and female flowers production enhancement techniques in cucurbits.

5. Assessment of physiological maturity indices in various crops and seed extraction methods in vegetables.

6. Visit to seed production farms.

7. Seed enhancement techniques - Seed coating - seed priming and seed pelleting.

8. Seed certification - field inspection and counting procedure - identification of physical and genetic contaminants in seed production plots and roguing.

9. Seed testing - seed sampling - mixing - dividing - equipments.

10. Estimation of seed moisture content and physical purity.

11. Seed germination testing - tetrazolium test for viability - evaluation.

12. Genetic purity test - grow out test - electrophoresis.

13. Seed health testing - methods.

14. Seed and seedling vigour test - brick gravel test, paper piercing test - cool and cold test - accelerated ageing test.

15. Seed production planning - economics.

16. Visit to seed processing plant and seed testing laboratory.

17. Final practical examination.

References

1. Agrawal, R.L. 1996. Seed Technology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

2. Bhaskaran, M., A.Bharathi and K.Vanangamudi. 2013. Text Book on Principles of seed production and quality control. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards. 2014. Published by GOI, MOA, New Delhi.

4. Seed legislations. 2014. Published by GOI, MOA, New Delhi.

E-References

1. www.fao.org

2. www.seednet.gov.in

3. www.agricoop.nic.in

4. www.online library.willey.com

5. www.sciencedirect.com

6. Seed Science Research (www.jgateplus.com)

7. Seed Science and Technology (www.jgateplus.com)

AGR 201 Crop production technology – I ( Kharif crops) ( 1+1)

Theory :

Unit - I:

Cereals

Rice, Maize, - Origin, geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices (from land preparation to harvest) and yield.

Unit - II:

Millets

Sorghum, Pearl millet, Small millets - Finger millet, Foxtail millet, little millet, Kodo millet, Barnyard millet and Proso millet - Origin, geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

Unit - III:

Pulses

Redgram, Blackgram, Greengram, , Cowpea, - Origin, geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

Unit - IV:

Oilseeds (Kharif)

Groundnut, sesame, Soybean- Origin, and geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices, yield.

Unit - V:

Fibre and forage

Cotton, jute, fodder sorghum, cumbu napier- Origin, geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices, yield.

Cereals Rice, maize

Millets Sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet and minor millets

Pulses Pigeonpea, green gram, black gram, cowpea,

Oilseeds Groundnut, sesame, soybean

Fibre & Forage Cotton, jute, fodder sorghum, Cumbu napier

Theory Lecture Schedule:

1. Importance and area, production and productivity of major cereals and millets of India and Tamil Nadu.

2. Importance and area, production and productivity of pulses and oilseeds crops of India and Tamil Nadu.

3. Rice - Origin - geographic distribution - economic importance - varieties - soil and climatic requirement.

4. Rice - cultural practices - yield - economic benefits.

5. Special type of Rice cultivation – SRI - and Hybrid rice cultivation.

6. Maize - Origin, geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

7. Sorghum and Pearl millet - Origin, geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

8. Finger millet and Minor millets - Origin, geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

9. Mid semester Examination.

10. Pigeonpea - Origin, geographic distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

11. Greengram, Blackgram and Cowpea - Origin, geographic distribution, economicimportance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices and yield - Agronomy of rice fallow pulses.

12. Groundnut - Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements - varieties, cultural practices yield and economics.

13. Sesame and Soybean - Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

14. Cotton - Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

15. Jute- Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

16. Fodder sorghum- Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

17. Cumbu napier- Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield.

Practical Schedule:

1. Identification of cereals, millets, pulses and oilseed crops in the crop cafeteria.

2. Practicing various nursery types and main field preparation for rice crop.

3. Nursery and main field preparation for important millets, pulses and oilseeds.

4. Acquiring skill in different seed treatment techniques in important kharif crops.

5. Estimation of plant population per unit area for important kharif crops.

6. Acquiring skill in field preparation, sowing and manuring of crops under pure and intercropping situations for cereals and millets.

7. Acquiring skill in field preparation, sowing and manuring of crops under pure and intercropping situations for pulses and oilseeds.

8. Acquiring skill in using seed drill for sowing operations.

9. Acquiring skill in foliar nutrition for important field crops.

10. Observations on growth parameters of cereals and millets.

11. Observations on growth parameters of pulses and oilseeds.

12. Study of yield parameters and estimation of yield in cereals and millets.

13. Study of yield parameters and estimation of yield in pulses and oilseeds.

14. Working out cost and returns of important cereals, millets, pulses and oilseeds crops.

15. Visit to farmers field / research stations to study the cultivation techniques of cereal, millets, pulses , cotton and oilseeds.

16. Visit to nearby Agricultural Research Station / Farmer’s field.

17. Practical Examination.

References:

Ahlawat, I.P.S., Om Prakash and G.S. Saini. 1998. Scientific Crop Production in India. Rama publishing House, Meerut.

Chidda Singh. 2010. Modern techniques of raising field crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

Singh. S.S. 2015. Crop management under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

Reddy,S.R. 2012. Agronomy of field crops. Kalyani publishers, New Delhi. Joshi, M. 2015. Textbook of Field crops. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi ICAR 2015. Hand book of Agriculture. Indian Council of Agricuture, New Delhi Crop production Guide 2012. Directorate of Agriculture, Chennai.

E-References:

1. www.crida.org

2. www.cgiar.org

3. www.tnau.ac.in/agriportal

HOR 211 Production technology of vegetables and spices (1+1)

Theory

Vegetables

Unit I: Scope, Importance and classification of vegetables

Importance of vegetable growing –area and production of vegetables in India and Tamil Nadu- National economy- nutritive value of vegetables and human nutrition.

Unit II: Production technology of tropical vegetable crops

Origin - climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting – water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulators - physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest – pest and diseases – seed production

Crops: Tomato, chilli, brinjal, bhendi, gourds (ash gourd, pumpkin, bitter gourd, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, snake gourd and watermelon) onion, cassava, amaranthus and moringa.

Unit III: Production technology of temperate vegetable crops

Origin -climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrient and plant growth regulators-physiological disorders- maturity indices – harvest – pest and diseases – seed production

(Crops: Cabbage, cauliflower, potato, carrot, radish, beetroot, peas and french beans, Protected cultivation of vegetables (tomato, capsicum and cucumber).

SPICES

Unit IV: Crop production techniques of major spices

Spices- scope and importance - classification of spices - origin, area and production - role of commodity boards- export potential of spices.

Climate and soil - varieties - propagation - nursery management and planting – cropping systems-training practices - nutrient, water and weed management - shade regulation - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases - processing - value addition.

Black pepper, Cardamom, Turmeric, Ginger and Garlic

Unit V: Crop production techniques in seed spices, tree spices and other spices

Climate and soil- varieties - propagation, nursery management and planting- training , pruning canopy management- weed and water management- shade regulation- nutrient management including drip and fertigation – harvest and yield – pests and diseases – processing – value addition.

Coriander, Fenugreek, Cumin, Fennel, Clove, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Curry leaf, Tamarind and Herbal spices

Practical

Vegetables

Layout of kitchen garden – seed sowing – nursery management – grafting in vegetables water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – practices in use of plant growth regulators - Special horticultural practices in vegetable production - study of maturity indices - Identification of physiological disorders - protected cultivation - visit to vegetable nursery unit/ protected cultivation unit.

Spices

Identification of spices - description of varieties - Propagation methods - rapid multiplication techniques- seed collection and extraction - raising of nurseries - seed sowing - seed treatment - fertilizer application - harvesting – pests and diseases - processing - cost economics - visit to spice gardens

Black pepper, Cardamom, Turmeric, Ginger, Coriander, Fenugreek, Curry leaf, Clove, Nutmeg and Cinnamon

Theory lecture schedule

1. Importance of vegetable growing –area and production of vegetables in India and Tamil Nadu- National economy- nutritive value of vegetables and human nutrition .

2. Climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulator - physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest and yield – pest and diseases – seed production of tomato, chilli and brinjal

3. Climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulator-physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest and yield – pest and diseases – seed production of bhendi and onion.

4. Climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulator - physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest and yield– pest and diseases – seed production of gourds (ash gourd, pumpkin, bitter gourd, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, snake gourd and watermelon)

5. Climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulator-physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest and yield – pest and diseases – seed production of cassava and potato

6. Climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulator -physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest and yield – pest and diseases – seed production of moringa and amaranthus.

7. Climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulator-physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest and yield – pest and diseases – seed production of cabbage and cauliflower.

8. Climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulator - physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest and yield – pest and diseases – seed production of carrot , beetroot and radish.

9. Mid -semester examination

10. Climate and soil – varieties and hybrids – seeds and sowing – transplanting - water and nutrient management – fertigation – weed management – use of micronutrients and plant growth regulator - physiological disorders - maturity indices – harvest and yield – pest and diseases – seed production of french beans and peas .

11. Protected cultivation of vegetables (tomato, capsicum and cucumber)

12. Spices- scope and importance - classification of spices - origin, area and production - role of commodity boards- export potential of spices. Black pepper - climate and soil- varieties – propagation – rapid multiplication techniques - nursery management and planting- nutrient, water and weed management - special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators - shade regulation- maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases – post harvest practices-processing and value addition.

13. Cardamom - climate and soil - varieties - propagation - nutrient, water and weed management-shade regulation- mulching - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases –post harvest practices- processing and value addition.

14. Turmeric , Ginger and Garlic - Climate and soil- varieties - propagation, nursery management and planting- nutrient, water and weed management- inter cropping- physiological disorders -maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases –post harvest practices- processing and value addition.

15. Seed spices - climate and soil- varieties - seed treatment/ sowing – nutrient, water and weed management- intercropping - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases – post harvest practices- processing and value addition.(Coriander, Fenugreek, Cumin and Fennel)

16. Tree spices - climate and soil - varieties - propagation, nursery management and planting - nutrient, water and weed management- training and pruning practices- cropping system- special horticultural practices maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases –post harvest practices- processing and value addition.(Clove, Nutmeg and Cinnamon)

17. Tamarind, Curry leaf and herbal spices - climate and soil- varieties - propagation, nursery management and planting- nutrient, water and weed management- canopy management - maturity indices - harvest and yield - pests and diseases –post harvest practices- processing and value addition.

Practical schedule

1. Layout of kitchen garden.

2. Seed treatment and sowing practices in direct sown vegetables

3. Nursery management of transplanted ,bulb and tuber vegetable crops

4. Grafting in vegetable crops

5. Water and nutrient management – fertigation in vegetable crops

6. Practices in use of plant growth regulators in vegetable crops

7. Special horticultural practices in vegetable production

8. Identification of physiological disorders in vegetable crops

9. Study of maturity standards and harvesting of vegetables

10. Practices in protected cultivation of vegetable crops

11. Visit to vegetable nurseries/protected vegetable cultivation unit

12. Black pepper and cardamom- identification and description of varieties – seed propagation and vegetative propagation – fertilizers application - preparation of plant bio regulators and application– pests and diseases- harvest and post harvest practices.

13. Turmeric and ginger- identification and description of varieties- propagation, fertilizers application - preparation of plant bio regulators and application – pests and diseases- harvest and post harvest practices.

14. Coriander and Fenugreek - identification and description of varieties - seed treatment, sowing fertilizer application - pests and diseases- harvest and post harvest practices.

15. Clove, Nutmeg and Cinnamon - identification and description of varieties – seed collection and extraction - propagation – fertilizer application – training and pruning – pests and diseases- harvest and post harvest practices.

16. Tamarind and curry leaf - identification and description of varieties – seed collection and extraction - propagation – fertilizer - application – canopy management – pests and diseases- harvest and post harvest practices.

17. Visit to spice gardens or commodity boards and working out cost economics of spice crops.

REFERENCES

Gopalakrishnan, T.R. 2007. Vegetable Crops. Horticultural Science Series (Series Editor K.V.Peter). New India Publishing Agency.

Mandal, R.C. 2006. Tropical root and tuber crops. Agrobios (India) Peter.K.V. 2000. Genetics and Breeding of Vegetables, ICAR, Publication.

Singh, P.K., S.K. Dasgupta and S.K. Tripathi, 2006. Hybrid Vegetable Development. International Book Distributing Co.

Mini, C. and Krishnakumar, K. 2004. Leaf Vegetables. Agro tech Publishing Academy, Udaipur Thamburaj, S. and Narendra Singh .2001. Vegetables, Tuber crops and Spices, Directorate of information and publications of agriculture, ICAR,NewDelhi.

Veeraragavaththam ,D., M.Jawaharlal and SeemanthiniRamadas 2000 “ Vegetable Culture”

Kumar, N.2014.Introduction to Spices, Plantation, Medicinal and Aromatic crops,

IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Alice Kurian and Peter, K.V. 2007. Horticulture science series Vol. 08, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.

Veeeraragavathatham, D and et al.,2004. Scientific fruit culture, Sun Associates, Coimbatore.

Henry Louis, I. 2002. Coconut- The wonder palm. Hi - Tech Coconut Corporation, Nagercoil.

E-References

1. http://www.jhortscib.com

2. http://journal.ashspublications.org

3. http://www.actahort.org/

4..http://www.aphorticulture.com/crops.htm

5. http://cpcri.nic.in/ http://indiancoffee.org

ENS 201 Environmental Studies and Disaster Management (2+1)

Theory

Unit 1:

Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies Definition, scope and importance

Unit 2:

Natural Resources: Renewable and non-renewable resources Natural resources and associated problems. a) Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies. Timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forest and tribal people. b) Water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems. c) Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies. d) Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies. e) Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. Case studies. f) Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification. • Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources. • Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.

Unit 3:

Ecosystems • Concept of an ecosystem. • Structure and function of an ecosystem. • Producers, consumers and decomposers. • Energy flow in the ecosystem. • Ecological succession. • Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. • Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following ecosystem. a. Forest ecosystem. b. Grassland ecosystem. c. Desert ecosystem d. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)

Unit 4:

Biodiversity and its conservation:- Introduction, definition, genetic, species & ecosystem diversity and biogeographical classification of India. Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values. Biodiversity at global, National and local levels, India as a mega-diversity nation. Hot-sports of biodiversity. Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts. Endangered and endemic species of India. Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.

Unit 5 :

Environmental Pollution: Definition, cause, effects and control measures of : a. Air pollution. b. Water pollution. c. Soil pollution. d. Marine pollution. e. Noise pollution. f. Thermal pollution. g. Nuclear hazards. Solid Waste Management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. Pollution case studies.

Unit 6:

Social Issues and the Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable development. Urban problems related to energy. Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management. Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions, climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust. Wasteland reclamation. Consumerism and waste products. Environment Protection Act. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act. Wildlife Protection Act. Forest Conservation Act. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation. Public awareness.

Unit 7:

Human Population and the Environment: population growth, variation among nations,

population explosion, Family Welfare Programme. Environment and human health: Human Rights, Value

Education, HIV/AIDS. Women and Child Welfare. Role of Information Technology in Environment and human health. Case Studies.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Unit 8:

Natural Disasters- Meaning and nature of natural disasters, their types and effects. Floods, drought, cyclone, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, Heat and cold waves, Climatic change: global warming, Sea level rise, ozone depletion.

Unit 9 :

Man Made Disasters- Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological disasters, building fire, coal fire, forest fire, oil fire, air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, industrial waste water pollution, road accidents, rail accidents, air accidents, sea accidents.

Unit 10 :

Disaster Management- Effect to migrate natural disaster at national and global levels. International strategy for disaster reduction. Concept of disaster management, national disaster management framework; financial arrangements; role of NGOs, community - based organizations and media. Central, state, district and local administration; Armed forces in disaster response; Disaster response; Police and other organizations.

Practical

Field work: Visit to a local area to document environmental assets river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain, visit to a local polluted site -Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural, study of common plants, insects, birds and study of simple ecosystems-pond, river, hill slopes, etc.

Lecture Schedule

1. Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies - Definition, scope and importance - Natural Resources: Renewable and non-renewable resources - Natural resources and associated problems

2. Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies - Timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forest and tribal people

3. Water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water - Floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams - benefits and problems

4. Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies - Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing

5. Effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies - Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources use of alternate energy sources. Case studies.

6. Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides - Soil erosion and desertification - Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources - Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles

7. Ecosystems - Concept of an ecosystem - Structure and function of an ecosystem - Producers, consumers and decomposers - Energy flow in the ecosystem - Ecological succession - Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids

8. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem and Desert ecosystem

9. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of Aquatic ecosystems : ponds, streams, lakes - Rivers, oceans, estuaries

10. Biodiversity and its conservation - Introduction, definition, genetic, species & ecosystem diversity and biogeographical classification of India- Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values

11. Biodiversity at global, National and local levels - India as a mega-diversity nation - Hotspots of biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts

12. Endangered and endemic species of India - Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.

13. Environmental Pollution - Definition, cause, effects and control measures of Air pollution and Noise pollution

14. Definition, cause, effects and control measures of Water pollution and Soil pollution

15. Definition, cause, effects and control measures of Marine pollution, Thermal pollution and Nuclear hazards

16. Solid Waste Management: Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes

17. Mid Semester Examination

18. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution - Pollution case studies - Social Issues and the Environment - From Unsustainable to Sustainable development - Urban problems related to energy

19. Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management - Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions, climate change, global warming

20. Acid rain, ozone layer depletion, Nuclear accidents and holocaust - Wasteland reclamation- Consumerism and waste products

21. Environment Protection Act - Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act - Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act - Wildlife Protection Act - Forest Conservation Act

22. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation - Public awareness - Human Population and the Environment: Population growth, variation among nations, population explosion, Family Welfare Programme

23. Environment and human health: Human Rights, Value Education, HIV/AIDS - Women and Child Welfare - Role of Information Technology in Environment and human health - Case Studies

24. Disaster Management - Natural Disasters - Meaning and nature of natural disasters, their types and effects - Floods, drought

25. Cyclone, earthquakes, Landslides, avalanches

26. Volcanic eruptions, Heat and cold waves, Climatic change: global warming, Sea level rise, ozone depletion

27. Man Made Disasters - Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological disasters, Building fire, coal fire, forest fire, oil fire

28. Air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, industrial waste water pollution

29. Road accidents, rail accidents, Air accidents, sea accidents

30. Disaster Management - Effect to migrate natural disaster at national and global levels

31. International strategy for disaster reduction. Concept of disaster management, national disaster management framework; financial arrangements

32. Role of NGOs, community - based organizations and media in disaster management

33. Central, state, district and local administration in disaster management

34. Armed forces in disaster response - Disaster response; Police and other organizations.

Practical schedule

1. Visit to a local area to document environmental assets river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain

2. Energy: Biogas production from organic wastes

3. Visit to wind mill / hydro power / solar power generation units

4. Biodiversity assessment in farming system

5. Floral and faunal diversity assessment in polluted and un polluted system

6. Visit to local polluted site-Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural to study of common plants, insects and birds

7. Environmental sampling and preservation

8. Water quality analysis: pH, EC and TDS

9. Estimation of Acidity, Alkalinity

10. Estimation of water hardness

11. Estimation of DO and BOD in water samples

12. Estimation of COD in water samples

13. Enumeration of E. coli in water sample

14. Assessment of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

15. Study of simple ecosystem – pond/river/hills

16. Visit to areas affected by natural disaster

17. Practical Examination

References

1. Erach Bharucha, Text book for Environmental studies. University Grants Commission, New Delhi

2. Tyler Miller and Scot Spoolman. 2009. Living in the Environment (Concepts, Connections, and Solutions). Brooks/cole, Cengage learning publication, Belmont, USA

3. P.D. Sharma, 2009, Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications, Meerat, India

4. De. A.K., 2010. Environmental chemistry. Published by New Age International Publishers, New Delhi. ISBN:13–978 81 224 2617 5. 384 pp

E-References

1. Dhar Chakrabarti. P.G., 2011. Disaster management - India’s risk management policy frameworks and key challenges. Published by Centre for Social Markets (India), Bangalore. 36 pp.

2. Proceedings of 2nd India disaster management congress, New Delhi. Organized by National Institute of Disaster Management, New Delhi during 4 – 6, November 2009.

AMP 201 Livestock and Poultry Management (2+1)

Theory

Unit I: Introduction to Livestock Management

Significance of Livestock and Poultry in Indian Economy – Livestock and Poultry census – Different livestock development programs of Government of India and Tamil Nadu- Various systems of livestock production-extensive – semi intensive - intensive- mixed- Integrated and specialized farms.

Unit II: Dairy Cattle Management

Important White and Black cattle breeds-classification-indigenous and exotic – Breed characteristics – Breeding - Cross breeding- Upgrading - Economic traits of cattle –Culling - Estrus Cycle – Artificial Insemination – Introduction to Embryo transfer – Housing – Space requirement calf and adult stock – System and types of housing - Feeding and Management of Calf, Heifer, Pregnant, Milch animal and working animals – Nutrition – Ration – Balanced Ration - Characteristics of ration and classification of feed and fodder –Total Mixed Ration – composition of concentrate mixture for different stage - Milking methods - Clean milk production – Factors affecting milk composition – Common diseases of cattle – classification – symptoms - preventing and control measures.

Unit III: Sheep and Goat Management

Breeds - Sheep and goat classification –– Economic traits - system of rearing - Housing Management – Floor space requirement - Care and Management of young and adult stock – Nutrition – Feed and fodders of Small ruminants – Flushing - Common diseases – prevention and control.

Unit IV: Management of Swine

Classification of breeds – Economic traits - Housing - Nutrition – creep feeding - Care and Management of Adult and Young Stock - Common disease- prevention and control.

Unit V: Poultry Management

Classification of breeds - Commercial Strains of broilers and layers – Housing – brooding – deep litter and cage system – care and Management of broilers and layers -Nutrition of Chick, grower, Layer and broiler – Incubation and Hatching of Eggs - Common Diseases - Control and prevention.

Practical

Study of external parts of Livestock - Identification of livestock and poultry-Tattooing-ear tags-wing and leg bands-Common restraining methods-Disbudding (or) Dehorning-Different methods of castration-Dentition-Study of type design of animal and poultry houses-Selection of dairy cow and work bullock-Determination of specific gravity, fat percentage and total solids of milk- Demonstration of cream separation, - Identification of feeds and fodder- Economics Dairy, Goat and Swine farming - Study of external parts of Fowl - Preparation of Brooder House - Brooder management-Identification of layer and non layer- Debeaking, delousing and deworming of poultry-Vaccination schedule for broiler and layer-Dressing of broiler chicken - Economics of Broiler and Layer Farming - Visit to a modern Dairy and commercial layer and broiler farms - Demonstration of incubator and setter.

Lecture schedule:

1. Significance of livestock and poultry in Indian economy-livestock and poultry census. Different livestock development programmes of Government of India and Tamil Nadu - www.indiastat.com,Livestock census 2012, Dairying in Tamil Nadu 2014 by NDDB

2. Various systems of livestock production-extensive – semi intensive, intensive- mixed- integrated and specialized farms. -357- 396 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

3. Definition of breed-classification of indigenous white and black cattle-breed characteristics of Tamil Nadu cattle breeds and Indian breeds -Sindhi, Gir and Sahiwal. - 1-53- Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

4. Breed-characteristics of exotic cattle -Jersey and Holstein Friesian – Indian Buffaloes- Murrah, Surti and Toda. - 1-53- Handbook of Animal Husbandry - ICAR

5. Breeding-cross breeding-upgrading-economic traits of cattle-culling importance and methods - 1-53- Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR.

6. Estrous cycle – signs of estrous - artificial insemination-merits and demerits-Principles and outline of embryo transfer -722-723 Handbook of Animal Husbandry - ICAR

7. Housing management-farm site selection and floor space requirement for calves, heifer, milch animal and work bullocks. - 364-379 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

8. Systems of housing-single row system-double row system- head to head and tail to tail-merits and demerits - Type design of house. - 364-379 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

9. Care and management of new born calf and heifers -358-362 Handbook of Animal Husbandry –ICAR

10. Care and management of pregnant animal and lactating animals. - 362-363 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

11. Care and management of dry cows and work bullock. - 756-757 Handbook of Animal Husbandry - ICAR

12. Nutrition-definition-ration-balanced ration-desirable characteristics of a ration. Classification of feed stuffs-concentrate and roughage-comparison, Total Mixed Ration - 395-447 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

13. Model composition of concentrate mixture of young and adult stock-age wise feed and fodder requirement-Importance of green fodder. - 395-447 - Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

14. Milking methods-clean milk production-factors affecting milk yield and composition - 363 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

15. Diseases-classification-viral, bacterial and metabolic-general control and preventive measures. -448-551 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

16. Viral diseases-foot and mouth disease, bacterial diseases, anthrax, hemorrhagic septicemia- black quarter - metabolic- tympanites, acidosis, ketosis and milk fever - 448- 551 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

17. Mid semester examination

18. Sheep and goat farming-classification of breeds of Indian and exotic origin – economic

traits. - 54-120 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

19. Systems of rearing-housing management - type design- floor diagram-space requirement for adult and young stock. - 101 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

20. Care and management of ram, ewe and lamb-nutrition- feeds and fodder for small ruminants. - 99-101 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

21. Care and management of buck, doe and kid- nutrition- flushing. -102 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

22. Common ailments of sheep and goat-sheep pox-foot and mouth-blue tongue- PPR- enterotoxaemia-Ecto and endo parasites. - 448-551 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

23. Swine husbandry –Common breeds of exotic origin-Large White Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc - economic traits- housing of Swine. -256-271Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

24. Care and management of sow, boar and piglets-nutrition- creep feeding. - 256- 271Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

25. Disease prevention and control of swine diseases –hog cholera, foot and mouth, ecto and endo parasites. - 448-551 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

26. Classification of breeds - commercial strains of layer and broiler. - 206-255 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

27. Care and management of Chicks-brooder management. - 206-255 Handbook of Animal Husbandry –ICAR

28. Systems of housing- deep litter and cage system- floor space requirement-common litter material-litter management-merits and demerits. - 206-255 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

29. Care and management of Grower and Layers- vaccination schedule. - 206-255 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

30. Care and management of broilers-vaccination schedule. - 206-255 Handbook of Animal Husbandry –ICAR

31. Incubation and hatching of eggs. - 206-255 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

32. Nutrition-feed formulation-composition of chick, grower, layer broiler- starter and Finisher mashes-Feed Conversion Ratio /dozen egg or kg of meat production. - 206-255 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

33. Classification of disease –viral – bacterial - protozoan- causative organisms, symptoms and prevention – viral diseases- Ranikhet – IBD-avian flu - 448-551 Handbook of Animal Husbandry – ICAR

34. Bacterial disease-E.coli-coryza-salmonellosis-protozoan–coccidiosis-casuative organism, symptoms and preventive measures. Management of dead birds and manure - 448-551 Handbook of Animal Husbandry - ICAR

Practical Schedule

1. Study of external parts of livestock

2. Identification of livestock and poultry

3. Common restraining methods of livestock

4. Disbudding, Dehorning, Castration and Dentition of livestock

5. Study of type design of animal and poultry houses

6. Selection of dairy cow and work bullock

7. Determination of specific gravity, fat %, total solids, solids not fat

8. Demonstration of cream separation

9. Identification of feed &fodder

10. Economics of dairy, goat and swine Farming

11. Study of external parts of fowl. Preparation of brooder house

12. Identification of layer and non- layer

13. Debeaking, delousing, deworming of poultry Vaccination schedule for broiler and layer

14. Demonstration of dressing of broiler. Economics of layer and broiler farming

15. Visit to a modern dairy and commercial layer and broiler farms

16. Demonstration of incubator and setter

17. Practical examination

Reference:

ICAR (2002) Hand of Animal Husbandry, ICAR, New Delhi.

E- Eeference:

1. http://www.elearnvet.net/

2. http://agridr.in/expert_system/cattlebuffalo/Breeding%20management%20of%20cattle%2 0and%20b uffaloes-2.html

AEC 201 Farm Management, Production and Resource Economics (1+1)

Theory

Unit 1:

Production Economics and Farm Management - Nature and Scope

Meaning and concept of farm management, objectives and relationship with other sciences. Meaning and definition of farms, its types and characteristics, factors determining types and size of farms. Types of farming: Specialized, Diversified, and Mixed farming – Systems of farming: Peasant Farming, State Farming, Capitalistic, Collective and Co – operative Farming.

Unit 2:

Factor – Product, Factor – Factor and Product – Product Relationships

Principles of farm management: concept of production function and its characteristics and its type, use of production function in decision-making on a farm. Factor-Product relationship. Meaning, Definition – Laws of Returns. Meaning and concept of cost, types of costs, cost curves - and their inter-relationship - shut down and break-even points, importance of cost in managing farm business and estimation of gross farm income, net farm income, family labor income and farm business income. Economies of Scale – Economies of Size - Determination of Optimum Input and Output – Physical and Economic Optimum. Factor – Factor relationship: Least Cost Combination of inputs; Product – Product relationship: Optimum Combination of Products – Principle of Equi – Marginal Returns – Principle of Opportunity Cost and Minimum Loss Principle. Law of Comparative Advantage.

Unit 3:

Farm Planning and Budgeting

Farm business analysis: meaning and concept of farm income and profitability, technical and economic efficiency measures in crop and livestock enterprises. Importance of farm records and accounts in managing a farm, various types of farm records needed to maintain on farm, farm inventory, balance sheet, profit and loss accounts. Meaning and importance of farm planning and budgeting, partial and complete budgeting, steps in farm planning and budgeting - linear programming, appraisal of farm resources, selection of crops and livestock’s enterprises.

Unit 4:

Risk and Uncertainty in Agriculture Production

Concept of risk and uncertainty occurrences in agriculture production, nature and sources of risks and their management strategies, Crop / livestock / machinery insurance. Weather based crop insurance - Features and determinants of compensations.

Unit 5:

Resource Economics

Resource Economics: Concepts, Classification, differences between Natural Resource Economics (NRE) and agricultural economics, unique properties of natural resources. Natural Resources - Issues – Scarcity of resources – Factors mitigating scarcity – Property Rights: Common Property Resources (CPRs): meaning and characteristics of CPRs – Externalities: meaning and types - positive and negative externalities in agriculture, Inefficiency and welfare loss, solutions; Important issues in economics and management of common property resources of land, water, pasture and forest resources.

Practical

Preparation of farm layout. Determination of cost of fencing of a farm. Computation of depreciation cost of farm assets. Application of equi-marginal returns / opportunity cost principle in allocation of farm resources. Determination of most profitable level of inputs use in a farm production process. Determination of least cost combination of inputs. Selection of most profitable enterprise combination. Application of cost principles including CACP concepts in the estimation of cost of crops – Estimation of costs and returns of livestock products. Preparation of farm plan and budget, farm records and accounts and profit and loss accounts. Break – even analysis- Graphical solution to Linear Programming problem. Collection and analysis of data on various resources in India.

References

Sankayan, P.L. 1983. Introduction to Farm Management. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.

Johl, S.S & Kapoor, T.R. 1973. Fundamentals of Farm Business Management. Kalyani Publishers.

Ludhiana.

Kahlon, A.S and Singh K. 1992. Economics of Farm Management in India. Allied Publishers. New Delhi.

Doll, J.P. and F. Orazem. 1983. Theory of Production Economics with Applications to Agriculture.

John Wiley, New York.

Debertin, D.L. 1986. Agricultural Production Economics. Macmillan. New York.

Heady, E.O. and H.R. Jensen. 1954. Farm Management Economics. Prentice – Hall. Englewood Cliffs.

Kay, Ronald D., and William M. Edwards, and Patricia Duffy. 2004. Farm Management. Fifth Edition.

McGraw–Hill Inc. New York.

Panda, S.C. 2007. Farm Management and Agricultural Marketing. Kalyani Publishers. Ludhiana. India.

Theory lecture schedule

1. Meaning and concept of farm management, objectives and relationship with other sciences. Meaning and definition of farms, its types and characteristics, factors determining types and size of farms.

2. Types of farming: Specialized, Diversified, and Mixed farming – Systems of farming: Peasant Farming, State Farming, Capitalistic, Collective and Co – operative Farming.

3. Principles of farm management: concept of production function and its characteristics and its type, use of production function in decision-making on a farm.

4. Factor - Product relationship: Meaning, Definition – Laws of Returns: Classical production function and its characteristics.

5. Meaning and concept of cost, types of costs, cost curves - and their inter-relationship -shut down and break even points, importance of cost in managing farm business and estimation of gross farm income, net farm income, family labor income and farm business income.

6. Economies of Scale – Economies of Size - Determination of Optimum Input and Output – Physical and Economic Optimum.

7. Factor – Factor relationship: Least Cost Combination of inputs.

8. Product – Product relationship: Optimum Combination of Products – Principle of Equi – Marginal Returns – Principle of Opportunity Cost and Minimum Loss Principle. Law of Comparative Advantage.

9. Mid Semester Examination.

10. Farm business analysis: meaning and concept of farm income and profitability, technical and economic efficiency measures in crop and livestock enterprises.

11. Importance of farm records and accounts in managing a farm, various types of farm records needed to maintain on farm, farm inventory, balance sheet, profit and loss accounts.

12. Meaning and importance of farm planning and budgeting, partial and complete budgeting, steps in farm planning and budgeting - linear programming, appraisal of farm resources, selection of crops and livestock’s enterprises.

13. Concept of risk and uncertainty occurs in agriculture production, nature and sources of risks and its management strategies.

14. Crop / livestock / machinery insurance. Weather based crop insurance - Features and determinants of compensations.

15. Resource Economics: Concepts, Classification, differences between Natural Resource Economics (NRE) and agricultural economics, unique properties of natural resources.

16. Natural Resources Issues – Scarcity of resources – Factors mitigating scarcity – Property Rights – Common Property Resources (CPRs): meaning and characteristics of CPRs – Externalities: meaning and types - positive and negative externalities in agriculture,

17. Inefficiency and welfare loss, solutions, Important issues in economics and management of common property resources of land, water, pasture and forest resources.

Practical Schedule

1. Preparation of farm layout. Determination of cost of fencing of a farm.

2. Computation of depreciation and cost of farm assets: Valuation of assets by different methods.

3. Application of equi - marginal returns / opportunity cost principle in allocation of farm resources.

4. Determination of most profitable level of inputs use in a farm production process.

5. Determination of least cost combination of inputs.

6. Selection of most profitable enterprise combination.

7. Application of cost principles including CACP concepts in the estimation of cost of cultivation and cost of production of agricultural crops.

8. Estimation of cost of cultivation and cost of production of perennial crops / horticultural crops.

9. Estimation of cost of returns of livestock products.

10. Preparation of farm plan and budget.

11. Farm records and accounts: Usefulness, types of farm records: farm production records and farm financial records.

12. Preparation of Cash flow statement

13. Preparation and Analysis of Net worth Statement and Profit and Loss statement

14. Estimation of Break – even analysis.

15. Graphical solution to Linear Programming problem.

16. Collection and analysis of data on various resources in India.

17. Final Practical Examination.

SAC 201 Soil Resource Inventory (1+1)

Theory

Unit-I

Soil Survey: Importance-Definition-Purpose of soil survey- Standard soil survey - Scope and objectives - Fundamental and Applied. Soil systematics- pedon and polypedon, control section and three dimensional nature of soil body. Soil mapping units: Soil series, soil association, soil complex, variants, inclusions and miscellaneous land types.

Unit II

Methods of soil survey: Base maps, Traversing: Grid survey and Free survey.Types of soil survey: Detailed, Reconnaissance, Detailed- Reconnaissance and Semi–Detailed soil survey. Soil mapping.

Unit-III

Soil Classification -Purpose -Early and modern systems -USDA system of soil classification and its advantages. Soil taxonomy - Diagnostic horizons: surface and sub surface-structure and differentiating characteristics and limitations. Soil orders – description. Distribution of Soil orders in world. Soils of India and Tamil Nadu.

Unit-IV

Soil survey reports - Soil Survey Interpretations - Land Capability Classification - Soil and Land Irrigability Classification - Storie Index Rating - Productivity potential - Fertility Capability Classification - Crop suitability: Field crops, horticultural crops and forest trees. Delineation of soils for fertility – Nutrient indexing. Land Use Planning concepts and objectives.

Practical

Site characteristics and Soil Profile description - Morphological study of soil profiles - Estimation of CEC in soil - Estimation of cations and free CaCO3 - Study of base maps- Interpretation of soil survey data and maps - Interpretation of soil data for land capability,

crop suitability - Interpretation of soil data for fertility capability classes - Interpretation of soil data for productivity rating - Interpretation of soil data for Nutrient Indexing.

Lecture schedule

1. Soil Survey: Importance-Definition-Purpose of soil survey.

2. Standard soil survey - Its scope and objectives. Fundamental and Applied.

3. Soil systematics - pedon and polypedon, control section and three dimensional nature of soil body.

4. Soil mapping units: Soil series, soil association, soil complex, variants, inclusions and miscellaneous land types.

5. Methods of soil survey: Base maps,Traversing: Grid survey and Free survey.

6. Types of soil survey: Detailed, Reconnaissance, Detailed- Reconnaissance and Semi– Detailed soil survey. Soil mapping.

7. Soil Taxonomy – Purpose. Early and modern systems. USDA system of soil classification and its advantages.

8. Mid semester examination.

9. Diagnostic horizons: surface and sub surface.

10. Soil taxonomy – Structure and differentiating characters and limitations.

11. Soil orders, characteristics and their distribution in world.

12. Soils of India and Tamil Nadu.

13. Soil maps, kinds of soil maps and their preparation.

14. Interpretative groupings of soils. Land capability classification and Fertility Capability Classification.

15. Land irrigability classification, Storie index and productivity potential.

16. Land suitability classification for field crops, horticultural crops and forest trees.

17. Land Use Planning - Concepts and objectives - Tropical, subtropical and temperate regions.

Practical schedule

1. Site characteristics and Soil Profile description

2. Morphological study of soil profile 1 (Red soil)

3. Morphological study of soil profile 2 (Black soil)

4. Morphological study of soil profile 3 (Alluvial / Laterite soil)

5. Estimation of CEC in soil

6. Estimation of cations and free CaCO3

7. Study of base maps- Topo sheets and cadastral maps.

8. Study of base maps- Aerial photographs or satellite imageries.

9. Interpretation of soil survey data and maps.

10. Interpretation of soil data for land capability.

11. Interpretation of soil data for crop suitability for field crops.

12. Interpretation of soil data for crop suitability for horticultural crops.

13. Interpretation of soil data for crop suitability for forest trees.

14. Interpretation of soil data for fertility capability classes.

15. Interpretation of soil data for productivity rating.

16. Interpretation of soil data for Nutrient Indexing.

17. Practical Examination

References

1. Buol, S.W., Hole, F.D., McCracken, R.J., (1973). Soil genesis and classification. Oxford and IBH publishing Co., New Delhi.

2. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W., 1987. Remote sensing and image interpretation, John Wiley and sons, inc, New York.

3. Sehgal, J.2005. Pedology concepts and applications, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

4. Soil Survey Division Staff 1999. Soil Survey Manual, USDA publication.

5. Steven, M.D. and Clark, J.A. 1990. Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture, Cambridge University, UK.

6. USDA 1954. Diagnosis and improvements of Saline and alkali soils. (Ed) L.A.Richards. Handbook No.60. USDA Washington DC.

7. Anji Reddy, M., 2002. Remote sensing and geographical information systems, BS publication, Hyderabad.

8. Somani, L.L. and K.L.Totawat 1993. Management of Salt Affected Soils and Water.

E-references

1. ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/NCSS/Conferences/scanned/

2. ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/Lab_References/SSIR_51.pdf

3. tp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/Lab_References/SSIR_51.pdf

4. www.iuss.org/Bulletins/00000096.pdf

5. www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/sap/centres/rscurrE.pdf -

6. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system

7. ww.annauniv.edu/cia/Curric%20Syllabi/M.../Remote%20Sensing.pdf

8. www.csre.iitb.ac.in/~dd/detail.html

9. www.dvsinstitute.org/forms/pg/M.Sc.%20-%20RS%20&%20GIS-350.pdf

10. inkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166248197800335

11. www.scribd.com/doc/40246764/Description-Pedon-Copy -

12. www.angrau.net/BSc(Ag)CourseCurriculum.htm

13. ww.springerlink.com/index/BJG00EL8FLNTFUNL.pdf

14. www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_42_2_10.pdf

15. inkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166248197800335

16. www.springerlink.com/index/R177R744722222UN.pdf - Similar

17. content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/.../Bib10.pdf

18. www-wds.worldbank.org/external/.../INDEX/multi_page.txt - Cached

19. openaccess.icrisat.org/.../Proceedings-integrated-watershed-management-for-land- Asia.pdf

20. www.springerlink.com/index/jlu87tk58363.pdf

21. www.buc.edu.in/sde_book/msc_soil.pdf

FMP 211 FARM MACHINERY AND POWER (1+1)

THEORY

Unit I: Farm Power & IC engines

Status of Farm Power in India, Sources of Farm Power, I.C. engines, working principles of IC engines, comparison of two stroke and four stroke cycle engines , Study of different components of IC engine, I.C. engine terminology and solved problems, Familiarization with different systems of I.C. engines: Air cleaning, cooling, lubrication, fuel supply.

Unit-II : Tractor & functional components

Hydraulic control system of a tractor, Familiarization with Power transmission system clutch, gear box, differential and final drive of a tractor ,Tractor types, Cost analysis of tractor power and attached implement,

Unit –III: Tillage implements

Familiarization with Primary and Secondary Tillage implement, Implement for hill agriculture.

Unit-IV: Sowing & Intercultural implements

Familiarization with sowing and planting equipment, calibration of a seed drill and solved examples, implement for intercultural operations.

Unit-V: Plant Protection and Harvesting equipments

Familiarization with Plant Protection equipment, Familiarization with harvesting and threshing equipment.

PRACTICALS

Study of different components of I.C. engine - To study air cleaning and cooling system of engine - Familiarization with clutch – Transmission - Differential and final drive of a tractor - Familiarization with lubrication and fuel supply system of engine - Familiarization with brake – Steering - Hydraulic control system of engine - Learning of tractor driving - Familiarization with operation of power tiller - Implements for hill agriculture - Familiarization with different types of primary and secondary tillage implements - Mould board plough - Disc plough and disc harrow -Familiarization with seed-cum- fertilizer drills their seed metering mechanism and calibration - Planters and transplanter - Familiarization with different types of sprayers and dusters –Familiarization with different inter-cultivation equipment - Familiarization with harvesting and threshing machinery.

LECTURE SCHEDULE:

1. Farm power in India - sources of farm power and their use in agriculture

2. Working principles of IC Engines-Two stroke and Four stroke engines - applications – comparison-Engine terminology.

3. Components of IC engine and systems of IC engine – air cleaning, cooling, lubricating and fuel supply systems.

4. Tractors- types - transmission system- clutch, gearbox, differential and final drive - hydraulic system.

5. Cost analysis of tractor with attached implement.

6. Tillage, objectives, types - ploughing methods. Primary tillage- mould board plough, disc plough, chisel plough and subsoil plough - components and functions, types, advantages and disadvantages

7. Secondary tillage equipment – cultivators, harrows, levelers, land forming equipment – rotovators – puddlers - manure tramplers and cage wheels, Implements for Hill agriculture.

8. Sowing methods - seed drills and planters- seed cum fertilizer drills - components and functions-Calibration.

9. Mid semester examination

10. Paddy transplanters, types, working principle, field and nursery requirements

11. Implements for intercultural operations – cultivators, sweep, junior hoe, manual weeders and power operated weeders for wet land and garden land

12. Sprayers and their functions, classification, manually operated sprayers, terminology, Nozzle types.

13. Power operated sprayers – Tractor operated boom sprayer, Knapsack mist blower cum duster – Tall tree sprayer-dusters, types and uses.

14. Tools for horticultural crops – propagation tools, planters and harvesting tools and machinery

15. Threshing of crop, thresher and its principles of operation - threshing losses.

16. Harvesting equipment – reapers - mowers and combine harvesters – types, construction and operation-Balers.

17. Harvesting machinery for groundnut, tuber crops, Cotton and sugarcane

PRACTICAL SCHEDULE:

1. Study of working of two and four stroke IC engines and their systems with solved problems.

2. Study of Tractor clutch, gearbox, differential and final drive. Study of brake steering, and hydraulic control.

3. Learning driving of tractor and power tiller

4. Study of tractors and power tillers – their operation and maintenance

5. Study of mould board plough, - methods of ploughing- with solved problems.

6. Disc plough and subsoiler and their components- Hitching and adjustment of plough - field operation of different tractor drawn primary tillage machinery.

7. Study of cultivator, disc harrows, Rotavator, bund former, ridger, leveller and puddling implements and their operation.

8. Study of seed drills, planters and seed-cum-fertilizer drills and their components and metering mechanisms - calibration- simple problems on calibration.

9. Study and operation of machinery for rice cultivation - puddling implements- rotary puddlers and cage wheels, tray seeder for rice nursery, transplanters- types operation and maintenance- Drum seeder, conoweeder, power weeder and finger type weeder.

10. Study of different inter-cultivation equipment for uplands - manual, animal drawn, power operated - tractor and power tiller operated - field operation

11. Study of plant protection equipment – manually operated sprayers and dusters, knapsack mist blower cum duster, tractor operated sprayers- their operation, adjustment, calibration and safety requirements

12. Study of tools for Hill agriculture and horticultural crops – propagation tools, vegetable transplanter, harvesting tools -lawn mower, hole diggers, tree climber, shredders for crop residue.

13. Threshing machinery for paddy and identification of its components- different threshing drums - calculation of efficiency and losses.

14. Study of paddy reaper and paddy combine- their systems, method of operation and adjustment.

15. Study of harvesters for root crops - turmeric and tapioca and groundnut diggers

16. Problems on cost of operation of tractor operated machinery.

17. Final practical examination

References:

1. Jagadishwar Sahay, 2010 - Elements of Agricultural Engineering. Standard Publishers Distributers, Delhi. ISBN 978-8180140440

2. Ojha, T. P. and Michael, A.M. Principles of Agricultural Engineering. Vol. I, Jain Brothers, 16/893, East Park Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi – 110005

3. S.C.Jain and C.R.Rai. Farm Tractor – Maintenance and Repair. Standard Publishers, 1705-B, Nai Sarak, Delhi – 110006

4. Senthilkumar, T., R. Kavitha and V.M.Duraisamy 2015. A Text Book of Farm Machinery, Thannambikkai Publications, Coimbatore . ISBN: 978-9381102305

E- RESOURCES:

www.agricoop.nic.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/directory.htm

www.farmmachineryshow.org

http://www.hillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/agengg/lecture/243/agriengg-243.htm

http://www.digitalbookindex.org/subject_search/search010agricultureequipmenta

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/course/view.php?id=540

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References

Unit - II

Unit - III

III semester

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